In distillate fuel

Table 5-1. Comparison of X-ray, Bomb-Sulfur, and Lamp-Sulfur Methods for the Determination of Sulfur in Distillate Fuels...

There is no medical test that shows if you have been exposed to fuel oils. There are methods to determine if your blood contains some fuel oil components such as benzene, toluene, and xylenes however, the concentrations of these compoimds in distilled fuels are so low that if they were detected in your blood, it might not indicate specific or exclusive exposure to fuel oils. For information on tests for measuring exposure to some individual components of fuel oils, see the ATSDR toxicological profiles on benzene, toluene, total xylenes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. See Chapters 2 and 6 for information on symptoms that suggest exposure to fuel oils. 

The data in FIGURE 4-3 demonstrates the effect of temperature on the solubility of water in distillate fuel at increasing concentrations. 

A wax can be defined as a linear, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon typically containing from 17 to 60 carbon atoms. Low-carbon-number waxes are found in middle distillate fuels and typically constitute a low percentage of the paraffins found in distillate fuel. Higher-carbon-number waxes can be found in residual fuels and lubricating oil. The percentage of wax in residual fuel oils can vary widely depending upon the refining processes utilized. 

Color and deposit formation in distillate fuel are sometimes difficult to control by an antioxidant. Often, other components are needed. 

Naphthenic acids and sulfur- and nitrogen-containing heterocycles and naphthenoaromatic compounds can all be found in distillate fuel fractions. Degradation through condensation type reactions rather than through free-radical-initiated polymerization can be more common in distillate fuel. Because of this, degradation products are often quite complex in nature and structurally diverse. 

Traditional hindered phenol and phenylenediamine free-radical scavenger type antioxidants do not usually provide the stability performance desired in distillate fuel. Stabilizer formulations containing components which provide a wider range of performance are often required. Some of the components commonly used in distillate fuel stabilizers are described as follows ... 

Free Water and Particulate Contamination in Distillate Fuel (Visual Inspection Procedures)... 

Dorris, Michelle M., and David Pitcher. 1988. Effective treatment of microbiologically contaminated fuel storage tanks. In Distillate Fuel Contamination, Storage and Handling, eds. Howard L. Chesneau and Michelle M. Dorris, pp. 146-156. Philadelphia American Society for Testing and Materials. 

Song, C. and Reddy, K.M. Mesoporous zeolite-supported Co-Mo catalyst for hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene in distillate fuels. American Chemical Society, Division of Petroleum Chemistry, 1996, 41, 567. 

The presence of inorganic acids in distillate fuels, resulting from refinery treatment, is unlikely. However, some specifications for these fuels still include limiting clauses for total acidity and inorganic acidity as a check against possible corrosion of metal equipment in contact with the fuel. Inorganic acidity should in any case be entirely absent. 

The ash-forming constituents in distillate fuel (ASTM D 2880) are typically so low that they do not adversely affect gas turbine performance, unless such corrosive species as sodium, potassium, lead, or vanadium are present. However, there are recommendations for the storage and handling of these fuels (ASTM D-4418) to minimize potential contamination. 

The nature of the process by which residual fuel oil is produced virtually dictates that all the metals in the original crude oil can occur in the residuum (Speight, 2001) and, thus, in the residual fuel. Metallic constituents that may actually volatilize under the distillation conditions and appear in the higher-boiling distillates are the exceptions and can appear in distillate fuel oil. 

Table 14.IV. Recovery of Nickel and Vanadium in Distillate Fuels by HVAA Method...

Ward, C. C., "Survey of Trace Metals in Distillate Fuels," presented at the Symposium of Gas Turbine Fuel Requirements, Handling and Quality Control, June 28-29, 1972, Los Angeles, California. 

Silica supported nickel catalysts, with very high metal loading, are frequently used in industrial processes of edible oil hydrogenation (1). Recently, such catalysts have also been considered in mild severity conditions for the hydrogenation of aromatics in distillate fuels as an alternative to less active sulfide catalyst (2) (3) (4). All these catalysts require a large metallic area and a limited microporosity to increase the accessibility of large molecules to the active sites. 

ASTM, 2000b. D4176 Free Water and Particulate Contamination in Distillate Fuels (Visual). In V. A. Mayer, (ed.). Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 5, Petroleum Products and Lubricants, Vol. 05.02. Philadelphia, American Society for Testing and Materials, pp. 746-748. 

Reddy, K. M. and Song, C. Mesoporous Molecular Sieve MCM-41 Supported R and Pd Catalysts for Low-Temperature Hydrogenation of Aromatics in Distillate Fuels. Chapter... 

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