Improvements in Process

The old chamber process used oxides of nitrogen to oxidize SO2 to SO3. This process could not produce higher strengths of the product acid. It was replaced by the contact process where the SO2 was converted to SO3 by the platinized asbestos catalyst. The plants running on this process could produce sulfuric acid of 98.5% strength. 

The earlier version of this contact process was known as the single contact single absorption process as the SO2 was passed through the converter to produce SO3 which was then absorbed in a single absorption tower. 

Some of the innovations in this process were as follows. These were aimed at improving the degree of conversion and heat recovery while reducing the initial capital cost and the cost of production  

Control of gas temperatures by use of air pre-heaters (hot gas/air heat exchangers) with simultaneous recovery of heat as hot air. 

Ashar and K.R. Golwatkar, A Practical Guide to the Manufacture of Sulfuric Acid, Oleums, and Sulfonating Agents, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-02042-6 5, 

---

The principal benefit of using red aim is its lower cost compared to virgin mbbers. Reclaim typicaUy seUs for 20—30% of the cost of its none-reclaimed counterparts. Reclaimed mbber also imparts some desirable improvements in processing it has much lower nerve than virgin polymers. As a result, compounds containing reclaim have much lower die sweU and extmsion rates. It also increases calender rates and improves flow and mold filling. 

Why is the tensile strength of conventional cement only about 4 MPa How can the tensile strength of cement be increased by improvements in processing What is the maximum value of tensile strength which can be achieved by processing improvements ... 

As you know from the policy statement distributed last month, we recognize continuous improvement in process safety management (PSM) as a company priority. 

In setting priorities for action, you must aiso consider avaiiabie resources. You may identify an action step that produces the single largest improvement in process safety, and discover that it requires all of your available resources. Alternatively, you may be able to spread your efforts among a number of lower priority actions that together have a greater impact on overall safety performance. 

Improvements in process and quality control made significant contributions to the transition from iron to steel as the major ferrous construction material over a century and a half ago. For most of that time red lead was relied upon, and not without a remarkable degree of success, as the rust-inhibitive pigment in anti-corrosive paints. In the last twenty years, however, there has been a similar dramatic change from such simple paints as red lead to synthetic polymer coatings which have as complex a technology as steel manufacture itself. 

Reliable process data are the key to the efficient operation of chemical plants. With the increasing use of on-line digital computers, numerous data are acquired and used for on-line optimization and control. Frequently these activities are based on small improvements in process performance, but it must be noted that errors in process data, or inaccurate and unreliable methods of resolving these errors, can easily exceed or mask actual changes in process performance. 

Figure 8 shows some examples of the improvement in processability using polymer alloy technology. Bionolle 3001 is mainly used for compostable bags and is featured by its softness and rapid biodegradability. However, the processability is... 

Wallerstein Co. 1931 Amylases, protease, lipase Improvements in process of depilating hides... 

Recent developments in Claus converter efficiency can be divided into two categories improvements in process operating technique and improvements in catalyst management. 

The chemoenzymatic route afforded a dramatic improvement in process efficiency compared to the first-generation process. This was reflected in the E factor which decreased 7-fold, from 86 to 12, and the substantial reduction in organic solvent usage resulting from a largely aqueous reaction medium. 

With MeOH, the reaction is rapid and vigorous H2 evolution results. This polymer does not show much improvement in processability. However, the n-Bu derivative is completely tractable following solvent removal however, it is expedient to redissolve the polymer in n-BuOH as gelation can still occur with time (days to weeks). 

The committee also discusses evaluations that should be completed improvements in monitoring that would maximize worker safety improvements in process efficiency through design changes and more rapid process monitoring. 

The field of chemical process miniaturization is growing at a rapid pace with promising improvements in process control, product quality, and safety, (1,2). Microreactors typically have fluidic conduits or channels on the order of tens to hundreds of micrometers. With large surface area-to-volume ratios, rapid heat and mass transfer can be accomplished with accompanying improvements in yield and selectivity in reactive systems. Microscale devices are also being examined as a platform for traditional unit operations such as membrane reactors in which a rapid removal of reaction-inhibiting products can significantly boost product yields (3-6). 

A recent joint study by J.M. Huber and RTM showed that, in EVA (28% VA) and a compatibilizer, a partial substitution of MDH with the fine grade of zinc borate (5-10 wt.%) resulted in not only HRR reduction but also better electrical properties/physical properties (except tensile strength).61 In addition, there was a significant torque reduction during compounding, an indication of improvement in processability. 

Extensive studies in this field including genetic studies, strain improvement by mutation, medium economization and improvement of extraction and purification techniques have led to substantial improvements in process development generally yielding an efficient and economic production. 

Selection of the proper filler is based on a number of factors. The most important, of course, is the improvements in processing and end properties that it will provide. However, other important considerations when one is selecting a filler include availability, cost, surface chemistry, water adsorption, oil adsorption, density, and other physical or chemical properties of the filler grade itself. 

---