Implementation of hardware

Moreover, the hysteresis characteristics of the multi-stacked actuator was investigated to compare the performances of the PWM-PID control and continuous PID control, as shown in Fig. 7.29. The hysteresis of the multi-stacked actuator driven by the PWM-PID controller is smaller than that driven by the continuous PID controller. This can be explained by the discharging circuit of the high-voltage switching circuit. 

Finally, to evaluate the performance of the two controllers, the energy consumption of the actuator in a cycle was compared. In this work, the power consumed by both controllers to control the multi-stacked actuator in a cycle was calculated, as shown in Fig. 7.30. The average power consumption in a cycle can be calculated as shown in Table. 7.3. The experimental results show that the PWM-PID controller consumed less energy than the 

PID controller. Therefore, PWM-PID controller based on the high-voltage switching circuit has more advantages than continuous PID control. 

While the presented sensing scheme is applied to IPMC actuators only, it can be adapted to provide integrated sensing for conjugated polymers [Ryu et al. (2005)] and other EAP actuators. 

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Employee involvement and participation in decision making (design, purchasing, and implementation of hardware and software)... 

Additional costs associated with the implementation of hardware resources, while some are usable under a number of conditions (reaction time, maximum outflow, conflicts, etc.), must be avoided ... 

Intuitively, the time to execute a precise control implementation of hardware behavior depends solely on the execution of the operations and not on the transfer of control. This means that the time required by the control to activate a data-dependent delay operation is precisely equal to its execution delay. For example, if an extra cycle is needed to transfer control to a called procedure (as in the microcode-based implementation of [TLW+90]), then the control implementation is not precise by the above definition. On the other hand, a precise... 

Petri net analysis is a method to model unique states of a complex system. Petri Nets can be used to model system components, or subsystems at a wide range of abstraction levels e.g., conceptual, topdown, detail design, or actual implementations of hardware, software, or combinations (Tarrents, 1980). 

The method of implementation of hardware, software, and facilities design requirements and corrective actions have neither impaired or decreased the safety of the subsystem, nor have they introduced any new hazards or risks. 

The hardware and software used to implement LIMS systems must be vahdated. Computers and networks need to be examined for potential impact of component failure on LIMS data. Security concerns regarding control of access to LIMS information must be addressed. Software, operating systems, and database management systems used in the implementation of LIMS systems must be vahdated to protect against data cormption and loss. Mechanisms for fault-tolerant operation and LIMS data backup and restoration should be documented and tested. One approach to vahdation of LIMS hardware and software is to choose vendors whose products are precertified however, the ultimate responsibihty for vahdation remains with the user. Vahdating the LIMS system s operation involves a substantial amount of work, and an adequate vahdation infrastmcture is a prerequisite for the constmction of a dependable and flexible LIMS system. 

In order to operate a process facility in a safe and efficient manner, it is essential to be able to control the process at a desired state or sequence of states. This goal is usually achieved by implementing control strategies on a broad array of hardware and software. The state of a process is characterized by specific values for a relevant set of variables, eg, temperatures, flows, pressures, compositions, etc. Both external and internal conditions, classified as uncontrollable or controllable, affect the state. Controllable conditions may be further classified as controlled, manipulated, or not controlled. Excellent overviews of the basic concepts of process control are available (1 6). 

The notion of an atomic operation is important for synchronization. An atomic operation is one that is indivisible. Once initiated, it will continue to completion. There are usually a large number of synchronization primitives in a parallel computer, most commonly test and set primitives, or semaphores implemented in hardware (10). A test and set operation tests the current value of a variable and optionally sets a new value, all in one indivisible operation. 

It was concluded from the analysis that blowdown response time was affected more by the attitude of the platform personnel toward the system than the reaction times of the system components. Therefore the implementation of semi or fully automatic blowdown on the platforms would not necessarily enhance performance unless the workers had support in terms of philosophy, training, procedures, and hardware reliability. 

The consequence is that most simple implementation of a feedforward controller, especially with off-the-shelf hardware, is a lead-lag element with a gain ... 

The spectrometer supports phase cycling, asynchronous sequence implementation, and parameter-array experiments. Thus, most standard solid-state NMR experiments are feasible, including CPMAS, multiple-pulse H decoupling such as TPPM, 2D experiments, multiple-quantum NMR, and so on. In addition, the focus of development is on its extension of, or modification to, the hardware and/or the software, in the spirit of enabling the users to put their own new ideas into practice. In this paper, several examples of such have been described. They include the compact NMR and MRI systems, active compensation of RF pulse transients, implementation of a network analyzer, dynamic receiver-gain increment,31 and so on. 

Figure 7.4 Proposals of hardware for QC. (a) Ions trapped in a radiofrequency cavity and cooled by lasers (b) molecule used to implement Shor s algorithm with NMR using...

Finally, a well-instrumented experimental distillation column that has been interfaced to an industrial distributed control system was used to show the implementation of the techniques described in previous chapters in an actual on-line framework, using industrial hardware. In this case, the usefulness of data reconciliation, prior to process modeling and optimization, was clearly demonstrated. 

Expert systems have been investigated for 20 years. The implementation of expert systems is now being undertaken on a widespread basis, due to the availability of hardware and software tools which alleviate the "knowledge-engineer bottleneck", allowing cost effective implementation. In a similar way, real-time applications of expert systems require tools to allow straightforward implementation. We have presented a software/hardware structure which supports knowledge-base capture and real-time inference for process applications. 

After consideration of all factors which limit resolution such as exposure hardware, resist systems, registration, alignment, and linewidth control, there is a general consensus that the useful resolution limit of photolithography may lie somewhere between 0.4 and 0.8 /im and depends on such factors as the implementation of short wavelength UV and the ability to accurately place images from a projection tool onto a silicon wafer. 

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