Inactivated influenza vaccine immunogenicity

Pepin S, Donazzolo Y, Jambrecina A, Salamand C, Saville M. Safety and immunogenicity of a quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in adults. Vaccine 2013 31(47) 5572-8. 

Several clinical studies have been conducted with oral influenza vaccines (Avtushenko et al. 1996 Lazzell et al. 1984). These include water in oil emulsion form of inactivated virus vaccine and an enteric-coated killed virus vaccine. Although these vaccines induced IgA responses, there were inadequate levels of virus-neutralizing IgG antibodies in the serum to fulfil regulatory requirements for vaccine immunogenicity. This warrants refinement and further development of these types of vaccines. 

The immunogenicity and safety of inactivated intranasal influenza vaccine have been reviewed (6). The author concluded that the vaccine is highly immunogenic and well tolerated by most vaccinees, in terms of both local nasal symptoms and possible vaccine-mediated systemic symptoms. The symptoms were primarily mild, occasionally moderate, and in a few cases more severe in most cases they lasted for only 1-2 days. 

Gluck R, Mischler R, Durrer P, Furer E, Lang AB, Herzog C, Cryz SJ Jr. Safety and immunogenicity of intranasally administered inactivated trivalent virosome-formulated influenza vaccine containing Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin as a mucosal adjuvant J Infect Dis 2000 181(3) 1129-32. 

Kulkarni PS, Manjunath K, Agarkhedkar S. Safety and immunogenicity of an adjuvanted whole virion, inactivated A (HlNl) 2009 influenza vaccine in young and elderly adults, and children. Vaccine 2012 31(l) 20-2. 

Langley JM, Martinez AC, Chatteq ee A, Halperin SA, McNeil S, Reisinger KS, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine candidate a phase III randomized controlled bial in children. J Infect Dis 2013 208(4) 544-53. 

Zimmermann U, Gavazzi G, Richard P, Eymin C, Soubeyrand B, Baudin M. Immunogenicity and safety of a booster dose of diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis and inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine (Tdap-IPV Repevax ) administered concomitantly versus non-concomitantly with an influenza vaccine (Vaxigrip ) to adults aged Oyears an open-label, randomised trial. Vaccine 2013 31(ll) 1496-502. 

Cate TR, Couch RB, Parker D, Baxter B. Reactogenicity, immunogenicity, and antibody persistence in adults given inactivated influenza virus vaccines— 1978. Rev Infect Dis 1983 5 737-747. 

Langue, J. Ethevenaux, C. Champsaur, A. Fritzell, B. Begue, P. Saliou, P. Safety and immunogenicity of haemophilus influenzae type B-tetanus toxoid conjugate, presented in a dual-chamber syringe with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis and inactivated poliomyelitis combination vaccine. Eur. J. Pediatr. 1999,158, 717-722. 

Minutello, M., F. Senatore, G. CecchineJJi, M. Bianchi, T. Andreani, A. Podda, and P. Crovari (1999) Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated subunit influenza virus vaccine com-... 

Active immunization, vaccination, involves administration of an antigen as a whole, killed organism, an attenuated (live) organism, or a specific protein or peptide constituent of an organism. Booster doses often are required, especially when killed (inactivated) organisms are used as the immunogen. In the United States, vaccination has sharply curtailed or practically eliminated a variety of major infections, including diphtheria, measles, mumps, pertussis, rubella, tetanus, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and pneumococcus. 

A European open-label multicenter study of the Tdap-IPV given concomitantly or sequentially with a trivalent inactivated split influenza virus vaccine in adults over years of age, showed that both vaccines when given concomitantly were immunogenic and well tolerated with no increase in AE profile [107 ]. 

Bae EY, Choi UY, Kwon HJ, Jeong DC, Rhim JW, Ma SH, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated trivalent split influenza virus vaccine in young children with recurrent wheezing. Chn Vaccine Immunol 2013 20(6) 811-7. 

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