Immune response introduced immunogens

The first inactivated poliovirus vaccine was introduced in the 1950s in an injectable formulation, and replaced in the 1960s by a live oral poliovirus vaccine. The oral poliovirus vaccine not only elicits systemic immunogenicity but also a localized immune response in the intestinal tract. Unfortunately, the oral poliovirus vaccine has the risk of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis occurring in approximately 1 case of every 2.4 million doses distributed. The risk with the first dose of oral poliovirus vaccine is 1 case in 750,000 doses.11... 

Immunogen any substance capable of generating an immune response (produces immunity) when introduced into the body. 

In addition to the pivotal studies, several publications (Table 6.2) used other methods to test the response of individuals with celiac disease who were introduced to oats. These studies did not fulfill the selection criteria of pivotal studies namely an in vivo oats challenge with an intestinal/skin biopsy to assess the biological response to the introduction of oats into an otherwise gluten-free diet. Instead, they used various in vitro techniques to assess the immune response to avenin, or serology without an intestinal mucosal biopsy. Most of the methods used duodenal mucosal cultures prepared from biopsies or intestinal T cell lines obtained from individuals with celiac disease. Other studies measured the immunogenic reaction in peripheral lymphocytes or measured the presence of various antibodies in individuals with verified celiac disease who included oats in their diet, in comparison with a reference group (Table 6.2). Some of these studies used patients that were previously included in pivotal studies. These studies are identified with an asterisk ( ) in Table 6.2. 

The goal of this chapter is to introduce the immune response processes and mechanisms that occur in different compartments of the eye. This is done to explain the relationship between ocular anatomy and immunogenic inflammation, and to understand the consequences of ocular immune system s malfunction. 

Another important field of immunogenicity of synthetic polymers concerns the immune response to haptens. The term hapten was introduced originally by Land-steiner in 1921 It designates any substance, large or small, which does not elicit an immune response by itself, but reacts with an antibody obtained by immunization with complete antigen. Even such small molecules as, e.g. dinitrobenzene, arsonato-benzene, fluorescein etc., can serve as complete antigenic determinants eliciting the production of an antibody specific for their particular structure, if they are coupled with a macromolecular carrier... 

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