Antigen complete

Although the function of complex polysaccharides of bacterial cells remains to be found, these substances seem to be necessary for feral bacterial life, since they are dispensable, as in rough forms which appear in the non-competitive life in vitro and which generally outgrow the smooth form but, despite the fact that the change is essentially irreversible, freshly iso-ated cells are antigenically complete. 

Himdin [8001-27-2] is a polypeptide of 66 amino acids found ia the saUvary gland secretions of the leech Himdo medicinalis (45). It is a potent inhibitor of thrombin and biads to y-thrombia with a dissociation constant of 0.8 x 10 ° M to 2.0 x lO " M. Himdin forms a stable noncovalent complex with free and bound thrombin completely iadependent of AT-III. This material has now been cloned and expressed ia yeast cells (46,47). Its antigenic poteatial ia humans remains to be estabUshed. 

A few ex vivo and in vivo studies have been published claiming an antigene (and antisense) effect of mixed purine/pyrimidine sequence PNA [48, 49, 78-80]. However, as pointed out by us in recent reviews [81, 82] these studies lack fundamental controls such as the inclusion of relevant internal standards as a control for sequence-specific non-antigene/antisense effects, thus confirmatory studies are warranted. The in vivo antigene studies from Richelsoris group [79, 83] completely lack a rational basis for the claimed effects. First of all there is no evidence that... 

The principle underlying the BAT is that the attachment of the antigen to the IgE present on the surface of the basophil leads to the activation of the basophil and the release of its mediators (histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, etc.) and the expression on its membrane of molecules such as CD63, CD203c or others which are markers of basophil activation. The basophils are identified with monoclonal antibodies marked with fluorochromes and anti-IgE and anti-CD63 receptors [for a complete review, we suggest readers read references 19-22]. 

Since these vaecines are imable to evoke a natural infection profile with respeet to the release of antigen they must be administered on a number of occasions. Immunity is not complete until the course of immunization is complete and, with the exeeption of toxin-dominated diseases (diphtheria, tetanus) where the immimogen is a toxoid, will never match the performance of live vaccine delivery. Specificity of the immrme resporrse generated in the patient is initially low. This is particularly the case when the vaeeine is composed of a relatively crude cocktail of killed cells where the immime response is direeted only partly towards antigenic components of the cells that are assoeiated with the infeetion process. This increases the possibility of adverse reaetions in the patient. 

Two goats were immunized three times during the first 2 weeks with 1 mg of the antigen emulsified in 1 ml of Freund s complete adjuvant at several subcutaneous sites near regional lymph centers. Booster injections of 3 mg of antigen were administered at monthly intervals. The animals were bled 7 days after each boost. After several months of immunization, the titer and affinity of the antibody response was judged sufficient for use. 

The important attributes of liposomes as a drug carrier are (a) they are biologically inert and completely biodegradable (b) they pose no concerns of toxicity, antigenicity, or pyrogenicity, because phospholipids are natural components of all cell membranes (c) they can be prepared in various sizes, compositions, surface charges, and so forth, depending on the requirements of... 

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