Ideal and Nonideal

Detonation, Ideal and Nonideal. Accdg to Cook (Ref 2, p 44), an ideal detonation corresponds to the theoretical maximum or hydrodynamic value D. This maximum velocity D is subject to direct experimental determination it is the steady value attained at a sufficiently long distance from the initiator in a tube or charge of diameter sufficiently large that further in- 

Three theories of nonideal detonation have been advanced, namely the nozzle theory of Jones, the curved-front theory of Eyring and the geometrical model theory of Cook, known also as the head theory of Cook. All three theories are described separately in this section 

An ideal detonation is also known as a Chapman-]ouguet (C-J) detonation, while a nonideal detonation may be called a Non-Chapman-]ouguet detonation. As an example of an expl undergoing an ideal detonation may be cited finely granulated RDX, and as examples of nonideal detonations may be cited AN/Fuel expls (Ref 3) and 90/10 - AN/RDX mixture (Ref 4) 

Accdg to remarks of Dunkle (Ref 8), an ideal detonation can be visualized as a steady-state process, in a frame of reference in which the detonation zone is stationary and time-invariant, with the undetonated explosive being fed into the front at the detonation velocity D and with laminar flow of the products away from the C-J plane the rear boundary of the reaction zone is at velocity (D-u), where u is the particle velocity of the products in stationary coordinates. By the Chapman-Jouguet rule, D-u = c, the local sonic velocity at the C-J plane. That is, the velocity of the products with respect to the detonation front is sonic at the C-J temperature and pressure. Thus, even if the products were expanding into a vacuum, the rarefaction wave would never overtake the detonation front as long as any undetonated explosive remains 

Removal of the restriction to linear or one-dimensional process may result in a theory applicable to a broader variety of transformations and therefore capable of 

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Panagiotopoulos et al. [16] studied only a few ideal LJ mixtures, since their main objective was only to demonstrate the accuracy of the method. Murad et al. [17] have recently studied a wide range of ideal and nonideal LJ mixtures, and compared results obtained for osmotic pressure with the van t Hoff [17a] and other equations. Results for a wide range of other properties such as solvent exchange, chemical potentials and activity coefficients [18] were compared with the van der Waals 1 (vdWl) fluid approximation [19]. The vdWl theory replaces the mixture by one fictitious pure liquid with judiciously chosen potential parameters. It is defined for potentials with only two parameters, see Ref. 19. A summary of their most important conclusions include ... 

Basically there are two types of systems ideal and nonideal. These terms apply to the simpler binary or two component systems as well as to the often more complex multicomponent systems. 

Non ideal Detonation. See under Detonation, Ideal and Nonideal in Vol 4, D389-R to D390-R... 

The behaviour of most metallurgically important solutions could be described by certain simple laws. These laws and several other pertinent aspects of solution behaviour are described in this section. The laws of Raoult, Henry and Sievert are presented first. Next, certain parameters such as activity, activity coefficient, chemical potential, and relative partial and integral molar free energies, which are essential for thermodynamic detailing of solution behaviour, are defined. This is followed by a discussion on the Gibbs-Duhem equation and ideal and nonideal solutions. The special case of nonideal solutions, termed as a regular solution, is then presented wherein the concept of excess thermodynamic functions has been used. 

Although M(i j i j) = M Sj 5j) for both ideal and nonideal systems, the enantiomers and 5j are differentiated by the presence of a second different chir molecule (e.g., either i jj or 5jj). Two pairs of enantiomers are capable of four other types of intermolecular association, in addition to the three already mentioned in Table 1. These are conveniently diagrammed in Figure 1,... 

Charge Length, Variation of Wave Shape With (In Ideal and Nonideal Detonations). See Figs 5.7a and 5.7b in Cook(1958), p 101... 

This is one of the three approximate theories of "nonideal detonations (See under Detonations, Ideal and Nonideal), the other two being the Nozzle Theory of Jones (also known as "Expanding-Jet Theory ) (described here under Detonation, Nozzle Theory of Jones)... 

Detonation, Non-Chapman-Jouguet. In general, it is a nonideal detonation and it is described under Detonation, Ideal and Nonideal... 

Detonation Wave, Ideal and Nonideal. See Detonation, Ideal and Nonideal and Ref 52, pp 48 50, listed on p D727... 

We can distinguish first between homogeneous and inhomogeneous networks (Chapter 7). In homogeneous networks a distinction between ideal and nonideal structures may be performed. This concept is presented in Chapters 10 and 11. 

The yielding of networks will be described first, beginning with the analysis of deformation mechanisms and the influence of physical aging. The effect of hydrostatic pressure will be treated with yielding criteria. The influence of physical (T, e) and structural parameters on yielding will then be described for ideal and nonideal networks. 

Vapour phase enthalpies were calculated using ideal gas heat capacity values and the liquid phase enthalpies were calculated by subtracting heat of vaporisation from the vapour enthalpies. The input data required to evaluate these thermodynamic properties were taken from Reid et al. (1977). Initialisation of the plate and condenser compositions (differential variables) was done using the fresh feed composition according to the policy described in section 4.1.1.(a). The simulation results are presented in Table 4.8. It shows that the product composition obtained by both ideal and nonideal phase equilibrium models are very close those obtained experimentally. However, the computation times for the two cases are considerably different. As can be seen from Table 4.8 about 67% time saving (compared to nonideal case) is possible when ideal equilibrium is used. 

MEISs and macroscopic kinetics. Formalization of constraints on chemical kinetics and transfer processes. Reduction of initial equations determining the limiting rates of processes. Development of the formalization methods of kinetic constraints direct application of kinetics equations, transition from the kinetic to the thermodynamic space, and direct setting of thermodynamic constraints on individual stages of the studied process. Specific features of description of constraints on motion of the ideal and nonideal fluids, heat and mass exchange, transfer of electric charges, radiation, and cross effects. Physicochemical and computational analysis of MEISs with kinetic constraints and the spheres of their effective application. 

This tutorial paper is a review of recent advances in the synthesis of ideal and nonideal distillation-hased separation systems. We start hy showing that the space of alternative. separation processes is enormous. We discuss. simple methods to classify a mixture either as nearly ideal or as nonideal, in which case it displays azeotropic and possibly liquid/liquid behavior. 

DPMs can also be used to understand the influence of particle properties on fluidization behavior. It has been demonstrated that ideal particles with restitution coefficient of unity and zero coefficient of friction, lead to entirely different fluidization behavior than that observed with non-ideal particles. Simulation results of gas-solid flow in a riser reactor reported by Hoomans (2000) for ideal and nonideal particles are shown in Fig. 12.8. The well-known core-annulus flow structure can be observed only in the simulation with non-ideal particles. These comments are also applicable to simulations of bubbling beds. With ideal collision parameters, bubbling was not observed, contrary to the experimental evidence. Simulations with soft-sphere models with ideal particles also indicate that no bubbling is observed for fluidization of ideal particles (Hoomans, 2000). Apart from the particle characteristics, particle size distribution may also affect simulation results. For example, results of bubble formation simulations of Hoomans (2000) indicate that accounting... 

Figure 7-1 shows these types of ideal reactors. Other types of ideal and nonideal reactors are treated in detail in Sec. 19. 

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