Hypo-

Na COj and Na2S with SO2 or from Na2S03 plus sulphur. Forms many hydrates. Used-in photography ( hypo ) because it dissolves silver halides. Also used in tanning, preparation of mordants, as a fermentation preventative in dyeing and in chemical manufacture. 

It is used as the fixer in photography under the name hypo . 

The film is now fixed by washing in sodium thiosulphate ( hypo ) solution when the unchanged bromide is dissolved to form the complex ion... 

This compound is similar in type to the sodium acet-bromoamide, CHjCONNaBr, which is an intermediate compound in Hofmann s amine synthesis (p. 127). If a weak acid (such as acetic acid) is now added to the solution of the chloro-sodio-amide, the latter compound reacts with the hypo-chlorous acid giving the sulphon-dichloro amide, which being insoluble in water, rapidly separates ... 

Action of hypobromite. To a solution of urea add sodium hypo-NH2CONH2 + 3NaOBr = Nj + CO2 4- 3NaBr + zHjO... 

Method, Formaldehyde may be estimated in solution by oxidising it to formic acid by means of a known quantity (in excess) of iodine dissolved in a excess of NaOH solution. The oxidation is, in effect, carried out by the odium hypo-iodite formed by the action of the iodine on the alkali, the formic cid being then neutralised by the alkali present ... 

When the oxidation is complete, the excess of hypo-iodite is estimated by cidifying the solution, and then titrating the iodine thus formed against... 

BrCHisCHjBr + 2NaOH —> HOCHjCHisOH + 2NaBr Industrially, it is produced directly from ethylene by the addition of hypo, chlorous acid, followed by treatment of the resulting ethylene chlorohydrin with sodium bicarbonate solution ... 

FIGURE 11 2 Heats of hy drogenation of cydohexene 1 3 cydohexadiene a hypo thetical 1 3 5 cydohexa triene and benzene All heats of hydrogenation are in kilojoules per mole... 

Two oxidants commonly used are chlorine and potassium permanganate. The Roe chlorine number, the uptake of gaseous chlorine by a known weight of unbleached pulp (ie. Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPl) Standard Method T202 ts-66) has been superseded by the simpler hypo number (ie, TAPPl Official Test Method T253 om-86), eg, chlorine consumption in treatment of the pulp with acidified sodium or calcium hypochlorite. 

Sodium thiosulfate, either the anhydrous salt, Na2S202, or the crystalline pentahydrate, is commonly referred to as hypo or crystal hypo. When a concentrated sodium thiosulfate solution (50—60 wt %) is cooled to <48° C, the pentahydrate, containing 63.7% Na2S202, crystallines in monoclinic transparent prisms as shown in the equiUbrium phase diagram (Fig. 1). The monohydrate [55755-19-6] and the heptahydrate [36989-91-0] are also known. 

Ammonium thiosulfate, (NH 2S2 3 commonly referred to as ammo hypo, has displaced sodium thiosulfate in photography. It is normally sold in the United States only as the aqueous solution. In addition, a crystal slurry and anhydrous crystal are available in Europe. 

Acute benzene poisoning results in CNS depression and is characterized by an initial euphoria followed by staggered gait, stupor, coma, and convulsions. Exposure to approximately 4000 ppm benzene results in complete loss of consciousness. Insomnia, agitation, headache, nausea, and drowsiness may persist for weeks after exposure (126). Continued inhalation of benzene to the point of euphoria has caused irreversible encephalopathy with tremulousness, emotional lability, and diffuse cerebral atrophy (125). In deaths arising from acute exposure, respiratory tract infection, hypo- and hyperplasia of sternal bone marrow, congested kidneys, and cerebral edema have been found at autopsy. 

Histamine is the biological amine, playing an important role in living systems, but it can also cause unnatural or toxic effects when it is consumed in lai ge amounts. It can occur with some diseases and with the intake of histamine-contaminated food, such as spoiled fish or fish products, and can lead to undesirable effects as headache, nausea, hypo- or hypertension, cai diac palpitations, and anaphylactic shock syndrome. So, there is a need to determine histamine in biological fluids and food. 

Atluri, S.N., On Constitutive Relations at Finite Strain Hypo-Elasticity and Elasto-Plasticity with Isotropic or Kinematic Hardening, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 43, 137-171 (1984). 

Chemical Reactivity - Reactivity with Water No reaction Reactivity with Common Materials No reactions Stability During Transport Stable Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics Destroy with sodium bisulfite or hypo and water, then neutralize with soda ash Polymerization Not pertinent Inhibitor of Polymerization Not pertinent. 

In opocinchenine the hydroxyl group must, therefore, be in the ortho-position relative to the point of attachment of the benzene ring to the quinoline nucleus. The relative positions of the two ethyl groups are determined by the fact that apocincheninic acid ethyl ether on oxidation with lead peroxide and sulphuric acid gives the lactone of hydroxyopo-cincheninic acid ethyl ether (I), which, on oxidation by sodium hypo-bromite, yields quinolylphenetoledicarboxylic acid (II). 

One incident is described in Section 2.8 (a). Several incidents have occurred because drums or bottles were unlabeled and people assumed that they contained the material usually handled at the plant. In one case, six drums of hypo (sodium hypochlorite) had to be added to a tank of water. Some of the drums were not labeled. One, which contained sulfuric acid, was added after some of the genuine hypo and chlorine was given off. The men adding the material in the drums were affected by the fumes. 

Photographers hypo (sodium thiosulfate solution) and ordinary hypo (sodium hypochlorite solution)... 

In the last case, a load of photographers hypo was added to a tank containing the other sort of hypo. The two sorts of hypo reacted together, giving off fumes. 

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