Hyoscyamine anticholinergic agent

Tropane alkaloids, such as hyoscyamine and/or scopolamine, occur in the solanaceous plants Atropa belladonna, Datura stramonium, Hyoscyamus niger, and Mandragora officinarum. These alkaloids are powerful anticholinergic agents and can elicit peripheral symptoms (for example blurred vision, dry mouth) as well as central effects (for example drowsiness, delirium). They can potentiate the effects of anticholinergic medicaments. 

Prostatectomy is ineffective for relieving irritative voiding symptoms of BPH because prostatectomy does not affect the detrusor muscle of the bladder. These patients may respond to oral anticholinergic agents (e.g., oxybutynin or L-hyoscyamine), which improve bladder compliance and decrease detrusor muscle irritability, as discussed in Chap. 83. 

In modern medicine atropine, hyoscyamine and scopolamine are all used as anticholinergic agents—drugs to block the action of acetylcholine, a neuromuscular transmitter substance (Der Marderosian Liberti 1988 Hall etal 1977 Metzner 1967 Morton 1977). Clinically, they are used as spasmolytics in cases ofgastroen-... 

Hyoscyamine, anisodamine (6p-hydroxyhyoscyamine) and scopolamine are the most important tropane alkaloids from a therapeutical point of view. These alkaloids are well known anticholinergic agents and were historically used in medicine. 

Tropane alkaloids, including hyoscyamine, its race mic form atropine and scopolamine are anticholinergic agents that have been extensively used as pharmaceuticals [11-13], These alkaloids were historically and widely used and they are among the oldest drugs applied in medicine [14]. Scopolamine is the more valuable alkaloid, having a 10 times higher commercial demand than that of hyoscyamine and atropine [13, 15-17]. 

Atropine (1) [a racemic mixture of (-i-)-and (-)-hyoscyamine (2)] and scopolamine [(-)-hyoscine] (3) are tropane-type alkaloids found in certain plants in the Solanaceae (nightshade) family nsed medicinally for centuries in Europe, such as Atropa belladonna, Hyos-cyamus niger, and Datura stramonium [7]. The antispasmodic activities of atropine are due to competitive antagonism of acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptor site. Scopolamine is also an anticholinergic agent, and most commonly used for the prevention of nausea and motion... 

As a class, anticholinergics include the antihistamines, atropine and homatropine anti-Parkinsonian agents like benzotropine, procyclidine, and trihexyphenidyl the antimuscarinics of which atropine is the prototype and antispasmodics like dicyclomine and oxybutymin. Most antimuscarinics are amino-alcohols or their derivatives (usually esters or ethers), aminoamides, or other amines. Antimuscarinics can be divided into two groups. These are the naturally occurring alkaloids and their semisynthetic derivatives like atropine, homatropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine and the synthetic amine compounds such as anisotropine, dicyclomine, and ipratropium. 

Synonyms TNB a-Hydroxy-a-phenylbenzeneace-tic acid l-Azabicyclo[2,2,2]octan-3-yl ester Agent 15 3-QNB QNB Agent buzz Description BZ is a glycolate anticholinergic chemical related to atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine. It is odorless, nonirritating, and is stable in most solvents. It has a half-life of 3 weeks in moist air and is extremely persistent in soil and water as well as on most surfaces. Agent 15, believed to have been stockpiled in Iraq, is speculated either to be identical to BZ or a closely... 

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