Hydroxy-, alcoholate

These compds may be modified by monocar-boxy lie acids or poly hydroxy alcohols. This definition includes the polycarbonates (qv), which are a well-defined segment of the general class of polyesters. Unsaturated polyesters, which are produced when any of the reactants contain non-aromatic unsaturation, can be cross-linked or copolymerized with an un-saturated copolymerizable monomer. The formulas and properties of the class polyester are as varied and extensive as the reactants themselves. For specific information on the various sub-classes and sub-sub classes, the following refs should be consulted 9, 10, II, 16a, 17,18,... 

Fatty Acid Esters. Defoamers that are more environmentally acceptable than convential products are based on fatty acid esters of hydroxy alcohols, such as sorbitan monooleate [1908] or sorbitan monolaurate in combination with diethylene glycol monobutyl ether as a cosolvent [451]. These defoamer compositions are as effective as conventional materials, for example, those based on acetylenic alcohols are less toxic, especially to marine organisms, and are readily biodegradable. The defoamer compositions are used in water-based hydrocarbon well fluids during oil/gas well drilling, completion, and workover, especially in marine conditions. 

Polybasic carboxylic hydroxy and amino acid aided synthetic routes directed towards obtaining mixed inorganic materials, especially for battery and fuel cell applications, are overviewed. It has been shown that, in spite of enormous number of papers on the subject, significant efforts should be undertaken in order to understand the basic principles of these routes. Possible influence of the structure of reactants employed in the process (acids, poly hydroxy alcohols, metal salts) is put forward, and some directions of future work in the field are outlined. 

Dissolution of metal salts in the aqueous solution of polybasic hydroxy (or amino) carboxylic acids (and poly hydroxy alcohols) ... 

Role of Polybasic Carboxylic Hydroxy (amino) Acids and Poly Hydroxy Alcohols... 

Furthermore, the role of a poly hydroxy alcohol, like ethylene glycol, seems ambiguous. As mentioned above, it is believed that the presence of ethylene glycol favours esterification of chelates. IR and NMR studies performed in [7] do not present solid proofs of such a belief. Synthetic routines with and without alcohols look the same, and the absence of alcohol seem not to influence the properties of precursors and final products. Some evidence exists enabling one to consider the esterification idea liable to more than one interpretation it has been reported in [4] that the presence of ethylene glycol does not influence the morphology of oxides. 

Accounting for these facts one should not be surprised coming across entirely different recommendations regarding the metal-acid-ethylene glycol ratio, which varies from 1-1.88-1.25 [5] or 1-4-1 [8] to 1-4.25-17.5 [7]. It is even sometimes noticed that a carboxylic acid and a poly hydroxy alcohol simply play the role of a fuel to bum a precursor and to form target oxides [16]. To shed some light on the aforementioned problems, the following steps could be of some help. 

As far as the role of poly hydroxy alcohols is concerned, comparative studies of products obtained with and without their addition should be made. The use of homologous alcohols (like low cost substituted glycols employed as components of brake liquids, and glycerol) could be helpful if such role would be found significant. 

Comparative studies of products obtained with and without addition of poly hydroxy alcohols should be made, so as to determine their role in the process ... 

Hydroxy aldehydes are reduced to hydroxy alcohols without complications. In benzyl ethers of phenol aldehydes the benzyl group was hydrogenolyzed in preference to the reduction of the carbonyl by catalytic hydrogenation over 10% palladium on charcoal at room temperature and 2 atm to give phenol aldehyde [791]. 

In the presence of BiCl3, epoxides undergo ring-opening addition reactions with alcohols, acetic acid, and water to afford ct-alkoxy, ct-acetoxy, and a-hydroxy alcohols, respectively (Equation (81)).137 In the presence of BiCl3 or... 

When alkyl mono halides are treated with silver hydroxide, AgOH, or with potassium hydroxide, KOH, the halogen is replaced by the hydroxyl group and mono-hydroxy alcohols result. 

In a similar way, when ethylene bromide is treated with silver acetate, CH3—COOAg, an acyl-ester of the corresponding di-hydroxy alcohol is obtained, which, on hydrolysis, yields the di-hydroxy alcohol itself, as follows ... 

As more than one hydroxyl group linked to a single carbon atom results in an unstable compound, the simplest di-hydroxy alcohol is the one derived from the two carbon hydrocarbon ethane (i.e.) dihydroxy ethane, or glycol, CH2—(OH) — CH2(OH). Similarly the simplest tri-hydroxy alcohol is derived from the three carbon hydrocarbon propane. It is known commonly as glycerin, but is better termed glycerol, as the termination, ol, signifies an alcohol. 

In such cases, with the halogen and hydroxyl linked to different carbon atoms, stable compounds result. As direct action of halogens oxidizes the alcohol to aldehyde or ketone, this new kind of halogen-alcohol must be prepared by a different reaction. When poly-hydroxy alcohols react with halogen acids, e.g.j hydrochloric acid, HCI, or with phos-... 

From the higher poly-hydroxy alcohols similar halogen-alcohols are obtained, which are known, also, as halogen-hydrines, e.g. ... 

Chloral.—Chloral, or tri-chlor acet-aldehyde, was first prepared by Liebig in 1832 by the chlorination of alcohol as above. It may also be obtained by the direct action of chlorine upon acet-aldehyde. It is an oily liquid with a sweet suffocating odor. It boils at 97.7°. It does not mix with water but on boiling with water it forms a hydrated compound which crystallizes in large clear crystals, readily soluble in water. This is known as chloral hydrate. The structure of chloral hydrate is probably that of an addition product, viz., a, chlorinated di-hydroxy alcohol. In this compound we have an exception to the general rule that two hydroxyl groups can not be linked to the same carbon atom. 

This constitution of the hydrate is indicated by the fact that it does not give the aldehyde reaction with fuchsine as does both acet-aldehyde and chloral. Also by the fact that the ethyl ester of such a di-hydroxy alcohol is known and is formed from chloral by reaction with alcohol. 

When poly-hydroxy alcohols are oxidized the first product is a compound in which one of the alcohol groups has been oxidized either to aldehyde or to ketone depending on whether the alcohol group is primary or secondary. 

Aldehyde Alcohols.—From the simplest poly-hydroxy alcohol glycol or ethandiol, the only product of this kind that is possible is an aldehyde-alcohol known as glycolic aldehyde. 

Ketone Alcohols.—From the higher poly-hydroxy alcohols however, which contain both primary and secondary alcohol groups we obtain both aldehyde alcohols and ketone alcohols. Glycerol or propantriol thus yields the following ... 

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