Hydrogen to-carbon

A mixture of the two reactants carbon monoxide and hydrogen is called synthesis gas and IS prepared by several processes The most widely used route to synthesis gas employs methane (from natural gas) and gives a 3 1 hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio... 

The 0x0 catalyst maybe modified to function as a hydrogenation catalyst as well and, using a 2 1 ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide, alcohols are produced direcdy. 

The ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide is controlled by shifting only part of the gas stream. After the shift, the carbon dioxide, which is formed in the gasifier and in the water gas reaction, and the sulfur compounds formed during gasification, are removed from the gas. 

Hydrocarbon resources can be classified as organic materials which are either mobile such as cmde oil or natural gas, or immobile materials including coal, lignite, oil shales, and tar sands. Most hydrocarbon resources occur as immobile organic materials which have a low hydrogen-to-carbon ratio. However, most hydrocarbon products in demand have a H C higher than 1.0. 

Conversion to Hydrogen (Water Gas Shift Reaction). Carbon monoxide reacts with water over a catalyst to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide (25). This reaction is used to prepare high purity hydrogen or synthesis gas with a higher hydrogen-to-carbon monoxide ratio than the feed (eq. 3). 

Coal Hquefaction iavolves raising the atomic hydrogen-to-carbon ratio from approximately 0.8/1.0 for a typical bituminous coal, to 2/1 for Hquid transportation fuels or 4/1 for methane (4). In this process, molecular weight reduction and removal of mineral matter and heteroatoms such as sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen may need to be effected. 

Figure 1. Excess air can be determined from flue gas analysis and hydrogen-to-carbon weight ratio of the fuel.

The higher the hydrogen to carbon ratio in the polymer the greater is the tendency to burning (other factors being equal). 

The results of the CHN Test are listed in Table 2. The quoted accuracy of the CHN test is 3=0.3% by weight. The hydrogen to carbon atomic ratio was... 

Cracking and isomerization reactions occur readily in acidic chloroaluminate(III) ionic liquids. A remarkable example of this is the reaction of poly(ethene), which is converted into a mixture of gaseous alkanes of formula (C Ff2n+2, where n = 3-5) and cyclic alkanes with a hydrogen to carbon ratio of less than two (Figure 5.1-4, Scheme 5.1-68) [99]. 

The major chemical difference between natural gas, crude oil, and coal is their hydrogen-to-carbon ratios. Coal is carbon-rich and hydrogen-poor, so to produce a synthetic liquid or gas from coal requires an increase in the hydrogen-to-carbon ratio. Coal s ratio of about 0.8 has to be raised to 1.4 to 1.8 for a... 

Synthesis gas generally refers to a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide varies according to the type of feed, the method of production, and the end use of the gas. 

The ratio of hydrogen to carbon atoms is a maximum in alkanes, hence the term saturated hydrocarbon. The general formula of an alkane containing n carbon atoms is... 

A compound of carbon and hydrogen is known that contains 1.0 gram of hydrogen for every 3.0 grams of carbon. What is the atomic ratio of hydrogen to carbon in this substance ... 

Compounds with even less hydrogen to carbon than olefins are acetylenes or alkynes as exemplified by ... 

The most widely used method for adding the elements of hydrogen to carbon-carbon double bonds is catalytic hydrogenation. Except for very sterically hindered alkenes, this reaction usually proceeds rapidly and cleanly. The most common catalysts are various forms of transition metals, particularly platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, and nickel. Both the metals as finely dispersed solids or adsorbed on inert supports such as carbon or alumina (heterogeneous catalysts) and certain soluble complexes of these metals (homogeneous catalysts) exhibit catalytic activity. Depending upon conditions and catalyst, other functional groups are also subject to reduction under these conditions. 

Part 2. Distillation Experiments. Distillation experiments were performed to determine the fraction of the original mass of bitumen in a calorimetric sample that is available for oxidation at each temperature in the range 155-320°C, to determine the quality of this "fuel" as expressed by the molar ratio of hydrogen to carbon,... 

Figure 4. Dependence of tar yield, determined by low-temperature Gray-King carbonization assay, n atomic hydrogen-to-carbon ratio for a wide range of Australian coals. Tar yield = 50.4 X H/C — 25.9 correlation coefficient, 0.95.

Figure 6. Dependence of maximum tar yields and corresponding total volatile matter yields during flash pyrolysis on atomic hydrogen-to-carbon ratio for some Australian and V.S.A. coals (O, 9), black coals (X), brown coals (A), Pittsburgh No. 8 (USA.) ( ), Montana lignite (USA).

---