Hydrogen manufacturing methods

V The Manufacture of Hydrogen. Physical Methods 126 Appendix. Physical Constants. i4S... 

Esterification of propylene with 85% H2SO4 to isopropyl hydrogen sulfate, followed by hydrolysis to the alcohol, is the manufacturing method for isopropyl alcohol. 

The Hypro process is a continuous catalytic method (Figure 10-3) for hydrogen manufacture from natural gas or from refinery effluent gases. The process is designed to convert natural gas ... 

Hypro process a continuous catalytic method for hydrogen manufacture from natural gas or from refinery effluent gases. 

As is explained in Reference 1, investment and operating cost data for various hydrogen manufacturing processes were provided for this study by Chem Systems, Inc., New York, New York. These economics data were developed using identical methods and assumptions, thereby permitting side-by-side comparisons of the several processes. 

Manufacture of Hydrogen.—Several methods are employed in the preparation of hydrogen on the large scale. 

The anode is exposed to hydrogen or hydrocarbons as fuel. It should be a mixed conductor with dominantly electronic conducting to allow the transportation of the electrons produced as a result of the chemical reaction at the anode surface. The electrode composition, powder particle size, and the manufacturing method are important parameters that affect the electronic and ionic conductivity and the activity for the electrochemical reactions. The electrical resistance is composed... 

CCls CHO. A colourless oily liquid with a pungent odour b.p. 98°C. Manut actured by the action of chlorine on ethanol it is also made by the chlorination of ethanal. When allowed to stand, it changes slowly to a white solid. Addition compounds are formed with water see chloral hydrate), ammonia, sodium hydrogen sulphite, alcohols, and some amines and amides. Oxidized by nitric acid to tri-chloroethanoic acid. Decomposed by alkalis to chloroform and a methanoate a convenient method of obtaining pure CHCI3. It is used for the manufacture of DDT. It is also used as a hypnotic. 

Outline one method for the manufacture of hydrogen from either crude oil or natural gas. State two important uses of hydrogen. Give explanations and illustrate reactions for the following statements ... 

Trichloroacetic acid is manufactured in the United States by the exhaustive chlorination of acetic acid (38). The patent Hterature suggests two alternative methods of synthesis hydrogen peroxide oxidation of chloral (39) and hydrolytic oxidation of tetrachloroethene (40). 

Newer coal-based methods of acetylene manufacture under development include the AVCO process, based on the reaction of coal in a hydrogen plasma. Finely divided coal is passed through a hydrogen plasma arc generating temperature gradients of up to 15,000 K. About 67% of the coal is consumed, yielding char and acetylene in concentrations up to 16%. An energy requirement of 9.5 kW h/kg acetylene has been reported (33). 

Fluorocarbons are made commercially also by the electrolysis of hydrocarbons in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride (Simons process) (14). Nickel anodes and nickel or steel cathodes are used. Special porous anodes improve the yields. This method is limited to starting materials that are appreciably soluble in hydrogen fluoride, and is most useflil for manufacturing perfluoroalkyl carboxyflc and sulfonic acids, and tertiary amines. For volatile materials with tittle solubility in hydrofluoric acid, a complementary method that uses porous carbon anodes and HF 2KF electrolyte (Phillips process) is useflil (14). 

---