Hydrogen DEGUSSA process

The Degussa process, on the other hand, reacts ammonia with methane in absence of air using a platinum, aluminum-ruthenium ahoy as a catalyst at approximately 1200°C. The reaction produces hydrogen cyanide and hydrogen, and the yield is over 90%. The reaction is endothermic and requires 251 KJ/mol. 

Hydrogen cyanide is an important building block chemical for the synthesis of a variety of industrially important chemicals, such as 2 hydroxy-4 methylthiobutyric acid, adiponitrile, nitrilotriacetic acid, lactic acid, and methyl methacrylate. The primary commercial routes to hydrogen cyanide are the reaction of methane and ammonia under aerobic (Andrussow Process) or anaerobic conditions (Degussa Process), or the separation of hydrogen cyanide as a by-product of the ammoxidation of propylene < ) The ammoxidation of methanol could represent an attractive alternate route to HCN for a number of reasons. First, on a molar basis, the price of methanol has become close to that of methane as world methanol capacity has increased. However, an accurate long term pricing picture for these two raw... 

The Degussa process (now owned by Dupont) starts from acrolein, which is hydrated in the presence of an acidic ion exchanger into 3-hydroxypropanal (3HP, Fig. 8.8 a). The latter is subsequently extracted into isobutyl alcohol and hydrogenated over a Ni catalyst [53]. The overall yield does not exceed 85%, due to competing water addition at the 2-position and ether formation in the initial step. It has been announced that Degussa will supply up 10 kt a-1 to Dupont until the fermentative process of the latter company (see below) comes on stream [54]. 

The Degussa BMA (Blausaure-Methan-Ammoniak, or hydrocyanic acid-methane-ammonia) process also is used in the production of hydrogen cyanide from methane. The difference between the Andrussow process and the Degussa process is that the latter does not use air in the synthesis of hydrogen cyanide. The reaction is as follows ... 

The use of perpropionic add as an epoxidation agent for propylene has been proposed by BayeriDegussa, Interox (Carbochimique, laporte, Sofray) and Ugine Kuhlmann. The perpropionic add is produced by the oxidation of propionic add with hydrogen peroxide, in the presence of sulfuric acid. The propylene is epoxidized between 05 and 1.4.106 Pa absolute, at about 60 to 80°C, in the Bayer/Degussa process, which operates in the presence of benzene, and at 100°C in the Interox process, which uses 12-dichloropropane as a solvent. 

Figure 11.6 shows the scheme of alkylanthraquinone hydrogenation using the Degussa process. The reaction is carried out in a loop reactor by varying the diameter of the reactor tubes different reactant flow velocities are achievable. 

The Degussa process for manufacturing gas black was developed in 1935 and is described by Buxbaum (1998). Oil vapour is carried in hydrogen, methane or coke-oven gas and combusted. Very fine particle sizes can be generated with the addition of air. 

Two synthesis processes account for most of the hydrogen cyanide produced. The dominant commercial process for direct production of hydrogen cyanide is based on classic technology (23—32) involving the reaction of ammonia, methane (natural gas), and air over a platinum catalyst it is called the Andmssow process. The second process involves the reaction of ammonia and methane and is called the BlausAure-Methan-Ammoniak (BMA) process (30,33—35) it was developed by Degussa in Germany. Hydrogen cyanide is also obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of acrylonitrile (qv) by the ammoxidation of propjiene (Sohio process). 

Many examples of safe processing in micro reactors have been reported. Among them, the formation of the poisonous hydrogen cyanide is often mentioned [5], Rinard and Saha refer to the non-oxidative Degussa variant [174] of this synthesis [85], while a micro reactor has performed the oxidative formation of hydrogen cyanide [175] via the Andrussov process [176,177]. 

CSA [Catalytic solvent abatement] A process for removing chlorinated solvents from waste gases by catalytic oxidation. Two catalysts are used in series and the products are carbon dioxide, water, and hydrogen chloride. Developed in Germany by Hoechst and Degussa and licensed by Tebodin in The Netherlands. 

DeDiox A process for destroying polychlorinated dioxins and furans in flue-gases by catalytic oxidation with hydrogen peroxide. The catalyst is based on silica and the process is operated at 80 to 100°C. Developed by Degussa from 1994. The business was offered for sale in 1998. 

Degussa Also called BMA. The process by which this large German company is best known is its version of the Andrussov process for making hydrogen cyanide. Methane and ammonia are reacted in the absence of air, at approximately 1,400°C, over a platinium metal catalyst ... 

Kastone A process for destroying cyanide ion in solution by oxidizing it with a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and formaldehyde. Invented by Du Pont in 1970 and licensed to Degussa. U.S. Patent 3,617,582. 

PERCOS A process for removing sulfur dioxide from waste gases by scmbbing with aqueous hydrogen peroxide. The product is a commercial grade of 30 to 60 percent sulfuric acid. Developed by Adolph Plinke Sohne and Degussa. 

TeRRox A process for decontaminating soil which has been polluted by hydrocarbons by treating it with hydrogen peroxide. Developed by DeGussa and operated at its plant in Knapsack, Germany, from 1996. 

In the very active field of unmodified nanoparticles recent discoveries have been made on size-selective Fischer-Tropsch catalysts that convert selectively CO and H2 into hydrocarbons there is a strong dependence of activity, selectivity and Hfetime on Co particle size. This topic of unmodified, supported or unsupported, nanoparticles is outside the scope of this chapter [74, 75]. Nevertheless, we mention discoveries made by Degussa, who have patented a process for H2O2 synthesis from molecular oxygen and molecular hydrogen with nanosized Pd particles (6 A) [76]. 

In the peracid process (Bayer-Degussa technology916) propionic acid is oxidized by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of H2S04 to yield perpropionic acid, which, in turn, is used to oxidize propylene to propylene oxide. The peracetic acid process (Daicel technology ) employs a mixture of acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, and... 

---