Hydrogen conversion factors

The solution of iron represented in equation 15.1 takes place at local anodes of the steel being processed, while discharge of hydrogen ions with simultaneous dissociation and deposition of the metal phosphate takes place at the local cathodes. Thus factors which favour the cathode process will accelerate coating formation and conversely factors favouring the dissolution of iron will hinder the process. 

Table III lists the kinetic equations for the reactions studied by Scholten and Konvalinka when the hydride was the catalyst involved. Uncracked samples of the hydride exhibit far greater activation energy than does the a-phase, i.e. 12.5 kcal/mole, in good accord with 11 kcal/mole obtained by Couper and Eley for a wire preexposed to the atomic hydrogen. The exponent of the power at p amounts to 0.64 no matter which one of the reactions was studied and under what conditions of p and T the kinetic experiments were carried out. According to Scholten and Konvalinka this is a unique quantitative factor common to the reactions studied on palladium hydride as catalyst. It constitutes a point of departure for the authors proposal for the mechanism of the para-hydrogen conversion reaction catalyzed by the hydride phase.

What hydrogen flow rate is required to generate 1.0 ampere of current in a fuel cell (This exercise will generate a very useful conversion factor for subsequent calculations.)... 

For every mole of nitrogen reactant, a chemist expects 2 moles of ammonia product. Similarly, for every 3 moles of hydrogen reactant, the chemist expects 2 moles of ammonia product. These expectations are based on the coefficients of the balanced equation and are expressed as mole-mole conversion factors as shown in Figure 9-1. 

The fact that 14 grams of nitrogen reacts fully with 3 grams of hydrogen gives you two conversion factors ... 

In this article both unsensitized and mercury vapor sensitized reactions are discussed. The plan has been to proceed from the chemically simplest system, oxygen molecule, to the chemically most complex, ozone plus hydrogen peroxide. Unless otherwise stated, thermochemical values have been taken from compilations of the National Bureau of Standards (68) and are reported in kcal. for the reaction represented in mole amounts. Conversion factors for energy units, spectroscopic notation, and unless noted, spectroscopically based values have been taken from... 

In effect, molar mass acts as a conversion factor between numbers of molecules and mass. If you know the mass of a sample, you can calculate how many molecules you have if you know how many molecules you have, you can calculate their total mass. Note, though, that it s always necessary when using a molar mass to specify the formula of the substance you re talking about. For example, 1 mol of hydrogen atoms, H, has a molar mass of 1.0 g/mol, but 1 mol of hydrogen molecules, H2, has a molar mass of 2.0 g/mol. 

Let s use for our example a colorless liquid whose composition is 84.1% carbon and 15.9% hydrogen by mass. Arbitrarily taking 100 g of the substance to make the calculation easier, we find by using molar masses as conversion factors that the 100 g contains ... 

Hydrogen and oxygen reported on the moist basis may or may not contain the hydrogen and oxygen of the associated moisture, and the analytical report should stipulate which is the case because of the variation in conversion factors (Table 1.3). These factors apply to calorific values as well as to proximate analysis (Table 1.4) and to ultimate analysis (Table 1.5). 

TABLE 1.3 Conversion Factors of Components Other Than Hydrogen and Oxygen"... 

Analytical Procedures (24). Crude protein analyses on the combined solid/ liquid fraction of the 0- and 48-h postinoculation samples were performed using carbon-hydrogen-nitrogen analysis (25) with a protein conversion factor of 6.25 x nitrogen content. 

The conversion factor for cubic feet to cub ic meters is normally 35.31. However, SCF is measured at 21.1 °C and Nm3 is measured at 0°C. Therefore the conversion factor must be adjusted for temperature. All values are rounded to the nearest four or five significant figures. Gas values are expressed in the stable hydrogen condition 75% ortho, 25% para 4I. 

G-9 Estimated Cost of Hydrogen Production for Solar Cases, 237 H-l Conversion Factors, 240... 

Table 1.1. The data in this table, which have been taken from Table 8.7 in Chapter 8, refer to a hydrogen atom with the quantum numbers m = 0, n = 0, ri2 = 29 and n = m +1 + ni + n2 = 30 in an electric field of the strength 800 V/cm. The value called RSPT + PA has been obtained by Silverstone and Koch (1979), who remarked that the two underlined digits are uncertain. In the value called Numerical, which has been obtained by Damburg and Kolosov (private communication from Damburg to Nanny Froman in a letter dated 22 February 1985) there is some doubt about the underlined digit. Like Damburg and Kolosov we have used the conversion factor 1 au = 5.142 260 3 V/cm.

This yields a silicon abundance on the astronomical scale of log Aast(Si) = 7.546 and a hydrogen abundance on the meteoritic scale of log A et(H) = 10.45 or 2.84 X 10 ° which is given in Table 3. Anders and Grevesse (1989) calculated a value of 1.554 for the ratio of solar to meteoritic abrmdances, which leads to a hydrogen abundance of 2.97 X 10 ° on the meteoritic scale. Lodders (2003) used a conversion factor of 1.540 based on the ratio of photospheric and meteoritic sihcon. 

To solve the problem, you need to know how the unknown moles of hydrogen are related to the known moles of potassium. In Section 12.1 you learned to use the balanced chemical equation to write mole ratios that describe mole relationships. Mole ratios are used as conversion factors to convert a known number of moles of one substance to moles of another substance in the same chemical reaction. What mole ratio could be used to convert moles of potassium to moles of hydrogen In the correct mole ratio, the moles of unknown (H2) should be the numerator and the moles of known (K) should be the denominator. The correct mole ratio is... 

This mole ratio can be used to convert the known number of moles of potassium to a number of moles of hydrogen. Remember that when you use a conversion factor, the units must cancel. 

The catalytic work on the zeolites has been carried out using the pulse microreactor technique (4) on the following reactions cracking of cumene, isomerization of 1-butene to 2-butene, polymerization of ethylene, equilibration of hydrogen-deuterium gas, and the ortho-para hydrogen conversion. These reactions were studied as a function of replacement of sodium by ammonium ion and subsequent heat treatment of the material (3). Furthermore, in some cases a surface titration of the catalytic sites was used to determine not only the number of sites but also the activity per site. Measurements at different temperatures permitted the determination of the absolute rate at each temperature with subsequent calculation of the activation energy and the entropy factor. For cumene cracking, the number of active sites was found to be equal to the number of sodium ions replaced in the catalyst synthesis by ammonium ions up to about 50% replacement. This proved that the active sites were either Bronsted or Lewis acid sites or both. Physical defects such as strains in the crystals were thus eliminated and the... 

In Table 3 are shown the heat conversion factor of producing hydrogen from nuclear energy, methane and the both (Ref. 15). Here, the heat conversion factor is defined as ratio of hy drogen heat to nuclear heat, ratio of hydrogen heat to methane heat, or ratio of hydrogen... 

Table 3. Heat conversion factor producing hydrogen from nuclear and fossil (low heat value)...

Al, Mo, and W are obtained from the stretching frequencies of 2360 cm 1,1670 cm 1, 1847 cm 1, and 1896 cm 1, respectively, for the corresponding hydrogen compounds by utilizing the isolated harmonic oscillators approximation k values for the other atoms are taken from E. B. Wilson, Jr., J. C. Decius, and P. C. Cross, Molecular Vibrations, p. 175 (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1955). The q s are taken from Table 2 with a conversion factor of 1/657. ... 

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