Hydrocracking procedure

Hydrocracking, 30 48-52 behavior, thermal, 29 269 catalytic, 26 383 deethylation, 30 50 demethylation, 30 50 metallocarbene formation, 30 51-52 of f -decane, 35 332-333 primary coal liquids, 40 57 procedure, 40 66-67 product distribution, 30 49 reactions, over perovskites, 36 311 suppression by sulfur, 31 229 zeolite-supported catalysts, 39 181-188... 

Various procedures for regeneration of spent melts from metal halide hydrocracking were proposed by Kiovsky and Petzny (14, 15) and by Loth and Wald (16). A number of regeneration procedures were also discussed previously in detail (2). 

Zinc Chloride Hydrocracking—Batch Autoclave Work. All tests were made in a 316 stainless steel, 300-ml rocking autoclave. The equipment, the product work-up, analytical and calculational procedures used are all identical to those previously described (1). A constant hydrogen partial pressure was used in each run by monitoring it with a palladium-silver alloy probe within the authoclave. The sensitivity of the probe response was increased as compared with prior work by heat treating at... 

The zeolites used in hydrocracking catalysts also are prepared by precipitation. Zeolites occur naturally, but the ones used for catalysis are synthetic. Figure 16 outlines a common procedure for synthesizing Na-Y and H-Y zeolites. 

Hydrocracking catalysts can be manufactured by a variety of methods. The method chosen usually represents a balance between manufacturing cost and the degree to which the desired chemical and physical properties are achieved. Although there is a relationship between catalyst formulation, preparation procedure, and catalyst properties, the details of that relationship are not always well understood due to the complex nature of the catalyst systems. The chemical composition of the catalyst plays a decisive role in its performance the physical and mechanical properties also play a major role. The preparation of hydrocracking catalysts involves several steps ... 

Future research should address methods for degradation of aged mustard that contains polymerised or other solid material. These should include electrochemical methods (such as the Silver II process, which can provide complete mineralisation, and electrolysis to selected stage of conversion), and chemical reduction processes such as reaction ith sodium/solvated electrons,[3] hydrocracking and pyrolysis. These efforts should include extenstion of procedures that have been developed for destruction of well characterised mustard CW agent (e.g., hydrolysis with or without electrochemical treatment followed by bioremediation) to mustard containing additional, more complex materials. 

Notb 1—This procedure has been coopraativdy tested on materials with bromine indexes in the range firom 100 to 1000. These materials indude petroleum distillates such as straight-run and hydrocracked naiditha, reformer feed, kerosine, and aviation turbine fud. 

Nickel/molybdate hydrocracking catalysts are made by impregnating preformed supports with solutions of nickel and molybdenum salts. The addition of ammonia or phosphoric acid to the solutions before impregnation is claimed to simplify the procedure and to improve activity of the catalyst. 

Because of heat effects of the reactions, the calculated reactor temperature profiles from previous steps would show deviations from actual plant data. We tune the global activity factors again to ensure that the deviations of reactor temperature predictions are within tolerance. We repeat the calibration of reactor temperature profiles and mass yields ofhquid products several times until the errors of model predictions are within the acceptable tolerance. These back-and-forth procedures compose the first phase shown in Figure 6.13 which is a generalized guideline of initial calibration for the Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining HCR model. This follows because reactor temjjerature profiles and major liquid product yields are always crucial considerations for any hydrocracker. 

This communication is part of a research program aimed at a systematic investigation of the preparation procedure of MoP/AljO, mild-hydrocracking catalysts. Essentially, we study the effect of phosphorus incorporation sequence on the state of dispersion of the active phase, surface acidity and physical properties. For this purpose, the samples were characterized using the following physico-chemical techniques BET surface area, mechanical strength, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), surface acidity determined by pyridine adsorption. 

After the application of the procedure described in Figure 11.2 and recommendations given earlier, a set of model parameters of the continuous kinetic model for the case of study of Maya crude oil hydrocracking was obtained. The values were a = 0.245, flo = 1-396, = 22.0, 8 = 4.46 x lO , and = 0.537h->. 

This procedure can be applied for data at different temperatures and other variables such as type of catalyst, feed, pressure, etc., in order to establish the dependence of the kinetic model parameters on these variables for any particular hydrocracking process. This is mathematically possible although the final correlations could be applicable only for the specific ranges of conditions under which the parameter values are derived. 

A comparison of the fitting capability of all functions reported in Tables 12.20 and 12.21 was performed by statistical methods. The procedure for parameter estimation is described below the four-parameter Beta-distribution function nsing a single distillation data set is taken as an example, which corresponds to a simnlated distillation curve of hydrocracked Maya crude oil ... 

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