Hydrocarbons from sediments

For a review of the methods used, see Murphy (1969), Farrington and Meyers (1975), and Farrington and Tripp (1975). The methods briefly indicated here are among the most extensively applied for the extraction of lipophilic components from a sediment (a) extraction of the sediment by placing the sample in an appropriate solvent in an ultrasonic bath (b) 

Soxhlet extraction with hexane or methanol-benzene 1 1 for a period of 72 h, the solvent being changed daily (c) direct alkaline hydrolysis — the sediment is refluxed for several hours with benzene and 0.5 N methanolic KOH (d) dissolution of rock matrix with concentrated solutions of hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acid, to release bound organic matter, followed by extraction with a solvent. 

The last three methods have been examined by Farrington and Tripp (1975) for the recovery of hydrocarbons from a Narragansett Bay sediment. They conclude that there are no substantial differences in the efficiencies of the extraction methods, a finding in contrast to the extraction of fatty acids from sediments where alkaline hydrolysis yields significantly greater amounts of fatty acids (Farrington and Quinn, 1973b). 

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Hellou, J., J.F. Payne, C. Upshall, L.L. Fancey, and C. Hamilton. 1994b. Bioaccumulation of aromatic hydrocarbons from sediments a dose-response study with flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 27 477-485. 

Langenfeld et al. [48] also compared supercritical monochlorofluoromethane, nitrogen dioxide and carbon dioxide for the extraction of polyaromatic hydrocarbons from sediments. Monochlorodifluoromethane provided the highest recoveries. 

Lopez-Avila et al. [59] have described a microwave assisted extraction procedure for the separation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons from sediments. Tan [71] described a rapid sample preparation technique for analysing polyaromatic hydrocarbons in sediments. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons are removed from the sediment by ultrasonic extraction and isolated by solvent partition and silica gel column chromatography. The sulphur removal step is combined into the ultrasonic extraction procedure. Identification of polyaromatic hydrocarbon is carried out by gas chromatography alone and in conjunction with mass spectrometry. Quantitative determination is achieved by addition of known amounts of standard compounds using flame ionization and multiple ion detectors. 

Huang, Y. Murray, M. Eglinton, G. Metzga, P. (1995A) Sacredicene, a novel monocyclic C33 hydrocarbon from sediment of Sacret lake, a tropical freshwater lake, Mount Koiya. Tetrahedron Lett., 36,5973-5976. 

Connell, D.W., Bowman, M., Hawker, D.W. (1988) Bioconcentration of chlorinated hydrocarbons from sediment by oligochaetes. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 16, 293-302. 

Grosjean E., Poinsot J., Charrie-Duhaut A., Tabuteau S., Adam P., Trendel J., Schaeffer P., Connan J., Dessort D., and Albrecht P. (2001) Synthesis and NMR characterization of novel highly cyclised polyprenoid hydrocarbons from sediments. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1, 711-719. 

Hydrocarbon Investigations. The results of Experiments 1—4, which compared the ability of five commonly used methods to extract petroleum hydrocarbons from sediments, are listed in Tables II-V. 

Andersson, T., Hartonen, K., Hyotylainen, T., and Riekkola, M.-L., Pressurized hot water extraction and thermal desorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from sediment with use of a novel extraction vessel, Anal. Chim. Acta, 466, 93-100, 2002. 

While no analytical methods were located that are specific for detecting Stoddard solvent in sediment, as with water and soil, methods that detect other hydrocarbon mixtures may be applicable. For example, quantification of fuel oil hydrocarbons from sediments is a relatively involved process. Following extraction, the saturated and olefinic hydrocarbon fraction is separated from the aromatic hydrocarbon fraction using thin-layer chromatography or column chromatography. Fractions are subsequently analyzed by GLC (Gearing et al. 1980). 

Meador JP, Casillas E, Sloan CA, Varanasi U (1995) Comparative bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from sediment by two infaunal organisms. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 123 107-124. 

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