Hydrocarbons acid treatment

The generic term azulene was first applied to the blue oils obtained by distillation, oxidation, or acid-treatment of many essential oils. These blue colours are usually due to the presence of either guaiazulene or velivazulene. The parent hydrocarbon is synthesized by dehydrogenation of a cyclopentanocycloheptanol or the condensation of cyclopentadiene with glutacondialdehyde anil. 

Analyses of a catalyst used ia a process involving cloaning products and pigments and achieving a hydrocarbon destmction capacity of only 13% showed deposition of P, Sn, Pb, and Na contaminants (20). Initial acid treatment iacreased the hydrocarbon destmction capacity from 13 to 63%. Alkaline treatment iacreased the capacity to 90% of that aew. 

Triflic acid is strong enough to protonate polycyclic saturated hydrocarbons [77, 78, 79], and even -butane [80, 81], and to initiate skeletal rearrangements Acidic treatment of homoadamantane [77] (equation 32), 2-homoprotoadamantane [78] (equation 33), or as 2,3-trimethylenebicyclo[3 3 Ojoctane [79] (equation 34) causes their rearrangement to isomenc hydrocarbons... 

Hydrocarbon A, CLoIi14, has a UV absorption at Araax = 236 nm and gives hydrocarbon B, C10Hig, on catalytic hydrogenation. Ozonolysis of A followed by zinc/acetic acid treatment yields the following diketo dialdehyde ... 

This can be related to the fact that the Si atoms substituting Al in the framework during the SiCl treatment originate outside the zeolite (i.e. from SiCl,), while in the steam/ acid treatment the corresponding silicon atoms originate in other parts of the zeolite crystals. This can also explain the absence of "secondary" pores in the material prepared with SiCl, as shown by sorption isotherms for different hydrocarbons (27). 

Figure 13.40. Application of the Podbielniak contactor to the acid treatment of hydrocarbon feeds...

Petroleum sulfonic acids may be divided roughly into those soluble in hydrocarbons and those solnble in water. Because of their color, hydrocarbon-soluble acids are referred to as mahogany acids, and the water-soluble acids are referred to as green acids. The composition of each type varies with the nature of the oil sulfonated and the concentration of acids produced. In general, those formed during light acid treatment are water soluble oil-soluble acids result from more drastic sulfonation. 

Many hydroxy compounds would not survive such harsh treatment therefore other methods must be used. Some alcohols were hydrogenolyzed with chloroalanes generated in situ from lithium aluminum hydride and aluminum chloride, but the reaction gave alkenes as by-products [605], Tertiary alcohols were converted to hydrocarbon on treatment at room temperature with triethyl- or triphenylsilane and trifluoroacetic acid in methylene chloride (yields 41-92%). Rearrangements due to carbonium ion formation occur [343]. 

The mixture leaving the reaction zone is in the form of a hydrocarbon-acid emulsion and passes to an acid settler for separation of acid and hydrocarbon phases. This acid settler is usually a separate vessel from the reactor itself, although it is an integral part of one type of system. The hydrocarbon-free acid from the acid settler recirculates to the reactor. The hydrocarbon layer, which consists of alkylate, excess isobutane, and the inert diluents introduced with the feed, receives a caustic treatment and goes to the fractionating section of the plant. Caustic treatment is necessary at this stage of the process to neutralize acidic components, such as sulfur dioxide, which are formed in small quantities by catalyst degeneration. 

The other hydrocarbon acids arc not a industrially significant. In many potential markets the lower price of acetic acid keeps them blocked out. Formic acid is used in textile drying and leather treatment. Propionic acid is used in the production of propionates, plasticizers, and herbicides Butyric acid finds a variety of specialty uses in producing plasticizers and esters. 

Reaction LVIIL (b) Redaction of Aromatic Ketones to the corresponding Hydrocarbons by treatment with Hydriodic Acid or with Sodium in Alcoholic Solution. (B., 7, 1624 31, 999.)—Two methods for the... 

Moore and Snyder121 have employed the Schmidt reaction to determine the structure of the hydrocarbon (71), which is one of the products of the self-condensation of acetophenone in polyphosphoric acid. Treatment with hydrogen bromide and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) gives the fluorenol (72), which yields a mixture of 1-methyl-2,4,6-triphenylphenanthridine (73) and 10-methyl-6,7,9-triphenyl-phenanthridine (74) when treated with hydrazoic acid. 

The optinum acid treatment conditions should he properly controlled to make only some few of framework A1 atoms to be removed while the zeolite framework could not be collapsed. The increased Si/Al ratio by acid dealumination may effectively suppress the carbon deposition on the surface of catalyst during the hydrocarbon cracking reactions. 

Anti-sludge agents. During acid treatment, sludge, consisting of asphaltenes, resin, paraffin and other high molecular weight hydrocarbons is formed. Addition of oil-soluble surfactants can prevent the formation of insoluble film. 

The related borane bis(benzoyloxy)borane has also been found to be effective for tosylhydrazone reductions, examples of which are presented in Table 10 (entries 7 and 8). The latter case required the use of NaOD/D20 for efficient deuterium incorporation (instead of NaOAc/ThO). A pyridine-bo-rane complex likewise reduces tosylhydrazones in acidic ethanol/dioxane to tosylhydrazines (91-98% yields), which may be converted to hydrocarbons by treatment with KOH/MeOH or Na0Ac-3H20/CHCl3. ... 

The hydrazines usually are converted to hydrocarbons by treatment with hot, aqueous cupric sulfate, ferric chloride, or potassium chromate. Although hydrazines often are isolated from reduction mixtures as hydrochlorides, it is advisable to convert them to the free bases before carrying out the oxidation if this is not done, a chlorine atom may replace the hydrazine group. - Phenylhydrazine hydrochloride is converted to chlorobenzene in 86% yield when treated with a solution of cupric sulfate containing hydrochloric acid. ... 

Mineral oil is obtained by distillation of petroleum. The lighter hydrocarbons are first removed by distillation and the residue is then redistilled between 330-390°C. The distillate is chilled and the solid fractions are removed by filtration. The filtrate is then further purified and decolorized by high-pressure hydrogenation or sulfuric acid treatment the purified filtrate is then filtered through adsorbents. The liquid portion obtained is distilled and the portion boiling below 360°C is discarded. A suitable stabilizer may be added to the mineral oil see Section 11. 

Furthermore, the existence of carbonates of different origins may complicate the data. Soils derived from matured source rocks, particularly carbonates, always contain very high concentrations of hydrocarbons with compositions of matured oily sources. If the parent rock of the soil was transported by a surface agency such as water, wind or ice, gas anomalies reflect the source area of the sediments rather than the oil or gas potential of the underlying strata. The western part of the Bayinhaote Basin of west China is characterised by Archaean metamorphic rocks covered by thousands of metres of Cenozoic red clastic sediments with no oil or gas potential. Acid treatment of soils revealed very high C1-C5 concentrations (up to 600 pl/kg of C and 70 pl/kg C2). However, it was found that the anomalous soils were derived from carbonate fragments... 

For the extraction of hydrocarbons in carbonate minerals and microbubbles, the method widely used is acid treatment under vacuum, for which most laboratories in China use the apparatus shown in Fig. 6-5. The soil sample is heated to 40"C in the flask, then 1 6 HCl is added until its reaction with the warm sample ceases. The mixture of gases evolved is filtered through NaOH solution to remove COt (which makes up the bulk of the evolved gases) and the remaining gases are injected into a gas chromatograph. 

I ig. 6-5. Apparatus for release of hydrocarbons from soil by acid treatment under vacuum and elevated temperature (from Ruan and Cheng, 1991). 

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