Fuels high-energy

Methyl borate is beheved to be the boric acid ester produced in the largest quantity, approximately 8600 metric tons per year (28). Most methyl borate is produced by Morton International and used captively to manufacture sodium borohydride [16940-66-2]. Methyl borate production was studied in detail during the 1950s and 1960s when this compound was proposed as a key intermediate for production of high energy fuels. Methyl borate is sold as either the pure compound or as the methanol azeotrope that consists of approximately a 1 1 molar ratio of methanol to methyl borate. 

Decaborane is the most studied of all the polyhedral boranes and at one time (mid-1950s) was manufactured on a multitonne scale in the USA as a potential high-energy fuel. It is now obtainable in research quantities by the pyrolysis of B2H9 at 100-200°C in the presence of catalytic amounts of Lewis bases such as Me20. B10H14 is a colourless, volatile, crystalline solid (see Table 6.2, p. 163) which... 

Use. Oxidizer for high energy fuels and in chemical synthesis (Ref 9)... 

For composite propellants the properties depend on the proportion of binder, and also on whether high energy fuels such as aluminium have been added. Figure 19.5, taken from Barrere, Jaumotte, de Veubeke and Vandenkerckhove, shows how the specific impulse depends on these factors. 

This group of highly reactive compounds includes several which have found extensive use in preparative chemistry [1], Properties and reactions of several covalent tetrahydroborates have been reviewed [2], Preparation and properties of several new hydrides are given which are of interest as high-energy fuels in propellant systems [3,4], Individually indexed compounds are ... 

ESR spectra for, 22 294, 301 as high-energy fuels, 18 2-4 hydrogenation course of, 18 6-8 equilibria, 18 7, 8 kinetic processes, 18 6, 7 experimental procedures, 18 19, 20 apparatus and methods, 18 20 materials, 18 20 mechanism of, 18 21-45 formation of isomeric decahydro-naphthalenes, 18 23-30 deuterogena-tion of - -octalin, 18 29 routes to trans isomers, 18 26-30 selectivity to trons-decalin, 18 24, 25 olefin intermediates, 18 30-45 dihydro-and hexahydronaphthalenes, 18 32, 33 analysis of products, 18 33 oc-tahydronaphthalenes, 18 34-45 analysis of products, 18 34 deu-... 

Table 5.1 Properties of high-energy fuels (source included in refs.)... 

SOOT FORMATION IN COMBUSTION OF HIGH-ENERGY FUELS... 

Although several different system configurations have been simulated, the focus of this paper will be on the unsteady, compressible, multiphase flow in an axisymmetric ramjet combustor. After a brief discussion of the details of the geometry and the numerical model in the next section, a series of numerical simulations in which the physical complexity of the problem solved has been systematically increased are presented. For each case, the significance of the results for the combustion of high-energy fuels is elucidated. Finally, the overall accomplishments and the potential impact of the research for the simulation of other advanced chemical propulsion systems are discussed. 

To represent the above phenomena, the present simulations consider the fuel droplets to be multicomponent, consisting of a solid high-energy fuel core surrounded by a liquid carrier. For example, cubane has been used as the core material embedded in n-heptane. n-Heptane was chosen because of the availability of experimental data, but in principle any other carrier liquid could be used in the model. An infinite conductivity model is used to account for droplet... 

Chang, E. J. and Kailasanath, K. 1997. Dynamics and microexplosion of high-energy fuels injected into a combustor. AIAA Paper No. 97-0126. 

Davis, S.R., P. L. Tan, W. E. Owens, and W. T. Webb. 1994. Reaction pathways and energetics for combustion of high-energy fuels. 7th ONR Propulsion Meeting Proceedings. Eds. G. Roy and P. Givi. Buffalo, NY State University of New York at Buffalo. 91-103. 

Uses. High-energy fuel reducing agent initiator of polymerization of ethylene, vinyl, and styrene source of boron for the semiconductor industry... 

The alkali and alkaline earth metals - such as sodium, potassium, barium, and calcium — would make excellent high-energy fuels, but, except for magnesium, they are too reactive with moisture and atmospheric oxygen. Sodium metal, for example, reacts violently with water and must be stored in an inert organic liquid, such as xylene, to minimize decomposition. 

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