Hydrocarbon condensation

Aroylbenzoic acids. Aromatic hydrocarbons condense with phthalic anhydride in the presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride producing aroylbenzoic acids in good yields ... 

When one takes a sample at the rate of 0.3 liter min from a stack discharging 2000 m min to the atmosphere, the chances for error become quite large. If the sample is truly representative, it is said to be both accurate and unbiased. If it is not representative, it may be biased because of some consistent phenomenon (some of the hydrocarbons condense in the tubing ahead of the trap) or in error because of some uncontrolled variation (only 1.23 gm of sample was collected, and the analytical technique is accurate to 0.5 gm) (1). 

The temperature of the lean amine solution entering the absorber should be about 10°F higher than the inlet gas temperature to prevent hydrocarbon condensation and subsequent foaming. 

If I ever have to design an amine plant I will know, for example, that the temperature of the lean amine solution entering the absorber should be about 10°F higher than the inlet gas temperature to prevent hydrocarbon condensation and subsequent foaming, that the reboiler tube bundle should be placed on a slide about six inches above the bottom of the shell to provide good circulation, that about two percent of the total circulating flow should pass through the carbon towers, and many other necessary requirements. 

Overhead condensers with steam and hydrocarbon condensing. 

To select the proper heat transfer relations to represent the functions, you need to analyze the heat transfer functions that will take place in the unit-tube and/or on the shell side. Some units may have several functions, such as the example in Rubin s recommendations on this subject that is, steam desuperheating and hydrocarbon condensing steam and hydrocarbon condensing, and condensate subcooling. Rubin presents an excellent interpretation of multizone operation for several different sets of conditions. See Figures 10-91Aand 10-91B. 

It may be mentioned that in heterocyclic systems as well as in hydrocarbon condensed ring systems the contribution to the normal state of structures associated with all of the possible positions of the double bonds is dependent on the existence of a coplanar arrangement of the per-tinent atoms, with bond angles of about 120°, which requires that the rings contain five or six or possibly seven atoms. 

These reactions do not occur at lower temperatures because of activation energy barriers and because H2 becomes the dominant form of hydrogen. Aromatic species are produced initially from acetylene via Diels-Alder type processes, in which a two-carbon and a four-carbon hydrocarbon condense into an aromatic species. Once PAHs are synthesized, they may continue to grow to form carbonaceous small grains. 

Natural Gasoline Hydrocarbons condensed from natural gas which consist primarily of pentanes and heavier-molecular-weight compounds. 

Differences in the strength of molecular attractions explain why different hydrocarbons condense at different temperatures. As discussed in Section 7.1, in our comparison of induced dipole—induced dipole attractions in methane and octane, larger hydrocarbons experience many more of these attractions than smaller hydrocarbons do. For this reason, the larger hydrocarbons condense readily at high temperatures and so are found at the bottom of the tower. Smaller molecules, because they experience fewer attractions to neighbors, condense only at the cooler temperatures found at the top of the tower. 

One can speculate on the nature of the material that contributed to each burst of nucleation and the growth of the initial nuclei. The early nucleation did not occur under the same conditions without SO , so it is probable that it results from the primary oxidation product of that species, namely, H2S04. The second nucleation burst is probably the same material that condensed without the initial S02, that is, the condensible hydrocarbons that result from the 1-octene photooxidation. Because the initial SO concentration was much smaller than that of the hydrocarbon, much of the growth of the early nuclei is likely due to hydrocarbon condensation, that is, condensation of species that did not nucleate until much later in the first experiment. An examination of the quantity of aerosol produced in the two experiments supports this interpretation. As shown in Figure 8, particle formation occurs before significant hydrocarbon reaction in the SO -containing experiment. Once the hydrocarbon reaction begins in earnest, the aerosol yield increases by an amount that is comparable to that in the S02-free experiment. Two... 

Friedel-Crafts). (A., 291, 9 C. r., 119, 139.)—When the dichloride of phthalic anhydride reacts with the hydrocarbon, benzene, in presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride, phthalophenone (diphenylphthalide) is formed (see p. 107). With phthalic anhydride itself the reaction can be made to take the same or a different course. Using an excess of hydrocarbon, condensation and hydrolysis occur, and o-benzoyl-benzoic acid or its homologues are obtained according to the reacting hydrocarbon. Not only can the latter be varied, but derivatives of phthalic anhydride may be used, so that a great number of compounds can be synthesised in this way. 

A three-zone furnace (top to bottom are 31, 6", and 3", respectively) was used to maintain isothermal conditions along the reaction zone. Pressure was controlled by a back pressure regulator on the exit stream. A post reactor dropout trap was installed to condense the steam and hydrocarbon condensates. Downstream dry product flow rates were measured by a wet test meter. 

C3 material from the deethanizer bottom (10) is depropanized (15), hydrotreated (16) to remove methylacetylene and propadiene and fractionated to recover polymer-grade propylene. C4 components are separated from heavier components in the debutanizer (18) to recover raw C4 product and a C5 stream that forms a gasoline product when combined with hydrocarbon condensates from the hot section. 

If the treatment aims only to remove the heaviest hydrocarbons, condensation occurs from —40. It can be carried out using an external refrigeration system which requires low energy consumption. On the other hand, if it is necessary to remove compounds such... 

The decomposition of PVC leads to the formation of HCl, which is neutralized by bringing the hot gases into contact with a solid absorbent. This results in a CaCl2-fraction that has to be landfilled. The purified gas is cooled, most of the hydrocarbon condensed as distillate feedstock. The remaining light hydrocarbon gas is compressed, reheated and returned to the reactor as fluidizing gas. Part of the stream could be used as fuel gas for heating the reactor, but as it is olefin-rich, recovery options are underway. 

Shell side—hydrocarbon condensing (265 I 20°) Tube side—cooling water (85°- 115 )... 

What physical property determines the height at which hydrocarbons condense in a fractionation tower (22.5)... 

Natural gasoline attracted attention in 1912 when the demand for gasoline increased. By 1936 more than 7 percent of all gasoline was produced from natural gas. The first method of recovery was compression. As a gas is compressed, its dew point is raised so upon cooling to the original temperature, a mixture of hydrocarbons condenses. This product contains a large percentage of volatile hydrocarbons, such as propane, which need... 

In the Hall process which is used to make motor-spirit, another procedure is used. Heavy oils are passed through tubes at 540° to 600° under a pressure of 70 pounds. The vapors produced are allowed to expand in a chamber in which the carbon formed is deposited they are then cooled to such a temperature that the heavier hydrocarbons condense. The latter are passed through the process a second time. The vapors of the more volatile compounds are next compressed to 100 to 125 pounds pressure. Under these conditions an exothermic reaction takes place which probably... 

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