Hydrocarbon-ammonium perchlorate

The polymeric hydrocarbon also acts as a binder of the particles, holding them together so as to formulate a propellant grain. Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is a typical crystalline oxidizer and hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) is a typical polymeric fuel. When AP and HTPB are decomposed thermally on the propellant surface, oxidizer and fuel gases are produced, which diffuse into each other and react to produce high-temperature combustion gases. 

A mixture of ammonium perchlorate (AP NH4CIO4) and a hydrocarbon polymer (BDR) used as fuel binder forms an AP pyrolant that generates white smoke when it burns in a humid atmosphere. The polymer acts as a binder of the AP particles to form a rubber-like material. When the AP pyrolant burns, the AP particles oxidize the hydrocarbon polymer according to ... 

When a composite propellant composed of ammonium perchlorate (AP) and a hydrocarbon polymer burns in a rocket motor, HCl, CO2, H2O, and N2 are the major combustion products and small amounts of radicals such as OH, H, and CH are also formed. These products are smokeless in nature and the formation of carbon particles is not seen. The exhaust plume emits weak visible light, but no afterburning occurs because AP composite propellants are stoichiometrically balanced mixtures and, in general, no diffusional flames are generated. 

Military propellants are based on relatively powerful oxidisers and fuels of high calorihc value in order to develop an improved thrust or impulse. Thus the most commonly-used oxidisers are potassium perchlorate, ammonium perchlorate or more esoteric compounds such as hydrazinium nitroformate. Metallic fuels include aluminium, magnesium and beryllium, while binders are mainly hydrocarbons such as polybutadiene, polyisobutylene, polyurethane or poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) as presented in Table 3.2. 

In these explosives, the main oxidizer is sodium, potassium, or ammonium perchlorate the combustible components consist of organic nitro compounds, hydrocarbons, waxes, and other carbon carriers. Nowadays, these explosives are uneconomical and are no longer industrially produced. 

Explosive, Blasting Type C Substances consisting of a mixture of either potassium or sodium chlorate or potassium, sodium or ammonium perchlorate with organic nitro-derivatives or combustible materials such as wood-meal or aluminium powder or a hydrocarbon. Such explosives shall not contain nitroglycerin or similar liquid organic nitrates. UN App. B, ICAO A2, US 173.59, lATA App. A... 

Nitrites Nitrobenzene Nitroethane Nitrogen trichloride Organic nitrites in contact with ammonium salts, cyanides Nitric acid, nitrous oxide, silver perchlorate Hydroxides, hydrocarbons, metal oxides Ammonia, As, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen dioxide, organic matter, ozone, phosphine, phosphorus, KCN, KOH, Se, dibutyl ether... 

Manufacture of these explosives received great impetus in Germany and France during World War I, probably on account of the lack of nitrogen compounds. Composition The chief constituent, 60-80 per cent, is a chlorate or perchlorate of ammonium, sodium, or potassium. The other ingredients are combustible products such as charcoal, sulfur, aluminum powder, or mixtures of vegetahle meals uitro derivatives of benzene, toluene, naphthalene, phenol and as de-sensitizers solid hydrocarbons (paraffin) and castor oil may he added. The addition of the nitro compounds serves to improve the propagation. 

Unknown Name txplosives. a) Ammonium Nitrate Explosive of Societe Suisse des Explosifs AN 70, PETN 10, TNT 10 NaNH HP0. 4H 0 10% [SwissP 228940 (1943) CA 42, 6538 (1938)] b)Plastic Explosives of O. Matter l)Mixt of coal tar distillates with inorganic oxidizers, such as nitrates, chlorates or perchlorates [SwissP 220755 (1942) CA 42, 6538(1948)] and 2)Mixt of a watei-insol hydrocarbon (such as chloronaphthalene) and resinous thickening agent (such as rosin or car dlstillation residue) with inorganic oxidizers (such as nitrates, chlorates or perchlorates) [SwissP 228653 (1943) CA 43,... 

---