Hydration, ionic, dynamics

Roberts J E and Schnitker J 1993 Ionic quadrupolar relaxation in aqueous solution—dynamics of the hydration sphered. Rhys. Chem. 97 5410-17... 

Straatsma, T.P, Berendsen, H.J.C. Free energy of ionic hydration Analysis of a thermodynamic integration technique to evaluate free energy differences by molecular dynamics simulations. J. Chem. Phys. 89 (1988) 5876-5886. 

Some other theoretical aspects of ionic solvation have been reviewed in the last few years. The interested reader is referred to them ionic radii and enthalpies of hydration 20>, a phenomenological approach to cation-solvent interactions mainly based on thermodynamic data 21>, relationship between hydration energies and electrode potentials 22>, dynamic structure of solvation shells 23>. Brief reviews, monographs, and surveys on this subject from a more or less different point of view have also been published 24—28) ... 

The main goal of the molecular dynamics computer simulation of ionic solvation and adsorption on a metal surface has been to test the above model and to provide more quantitative information about the different factors that influence the structure of hydrated ions at the interface. Unfortunately, most of the experimental information about these issues has been obtained from indirect measurements such as capacity and current-potential plots, although in recent years in situ experimental techniques have begun to provide an accurate test of the above model. For a recent review of experimental techniques and the theory of ionic adsorption at the water/metal interface, see the excellent paper by Philpott. ... 

In an early study, Mauritz et al. investigated anion—cation interactions within Nation sulfonate membranes versus degree of hydration using FTIR/ ATR and solid state NMR (SSNMR) spectroscopies. An understanding of the dynamic ionic—hydrate molecular structures within and between the sulfonate clusters is essential for a fundamental understanding of the action of these membranes in ion transport. This information can be directly related to the equilibrium water swelling that, in turn, influences molecular migration. 

The Na NMR parameters of Nafion are not greatly affected by changing EW in the range of water content where valid comparisons are possible. " and this reflects the short-ranged nature of these dynamic ionic—hydrate structures. 

We showed previously that a simple model for the ion-hydration interactions, which separates the ion-hydration forces in a long-range term due to the behavior of water as a continuous dielectric (the screened image force) and a short-range term due to the discreetness of the water molecules (SM/SB), can explain almost quantitatively a number of phenomena related to the electrolyte interfaces.6 In this article, we examined the limitations of the model in predicting the distributions of ions near the air/water interface, by comparison with molecular dynamics simulations. It is clear that the real ion-hydration forces are more complicated than the simple model employed here however, the interfacia] phenomena (including specific ionic effects) can be understood, at least qualitatively, in terms of this simple approach. 

Now, the question is how to get information on the more subtle quantity, the hydration numbers. Some confusion arises here, for in some research papers the coordination number (the average number of ions in the first layer around the ion) is also called the hydration number However, in the physicochemical literature, this latter term is restricted to those water molecules that spend at least one jump time with the ion, so that when its dynamic properties are treated, the effective ionic radius scans to be that of the ion plus one or more waters. A startling difference between co-ordination number and solvation number occurs when the ionic radius exceeds about 0.2 nm (Fig. 2.23a). 

The main purpose of this section is to give the basis of how measurements of the dielectric constants of ionic solutions can give information on solvation, particularly primary hydration numbers. However, dielectric measurements as a function of frequency also give information on the dynamic behavior of water by allowing us to determine the relaxation time of water in ionic solutions and expressing the changes in terms of the number of water molecules bound to the ion. 

Water is well known for its unusual properties, which are the so-called "anomalies" of the pure liquid, as well as for its special behavior as solvent, such as the hydrophobic hydration effects. During the past few years, a wealth of new insights into the origin of these features has been obtained by various experimental approaches and from computer simulation studies. In this review, we discuss points of special interest in the current water research. These points comprise the unusual properties of supercooled water, including the occurrence of liquid-liquid phase transitions, the related structural changes, and the onset of the unusual temperature dependence of the dynamics of the water molecules. The problem of the hydrogen-bond network in the pure liquid, in aqueous mixtures and in solutions, can be approached by percolation theory. The properties of ionic and hydrophobic solvation are discussed in detail. 

An epoch-making event in solution chemistry happened in 1957. Frank and Wen from USA and Samoilov from Russia presented their papers concerning ionic hydration in the journal, "Discussion of Faraday Society". A new concept on the structure and dynamics of ionic hydration was established in this year, although their models were rather primitive according to the present understanding. Nevenheless, their models are still well accepted by many solution chemists as simple but reasonable ones. Interestingly the two important papers on ionic hydration were leponed in an English journal by an American and a Russian chemists in the period of the cold war. In the scientific community we have neither border nor war. 

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