Hybridization of nucleic acids

Built-in functional specific recognition and binding, e.g., antigen binding by antibodies or hybridization of nucleic acids ... 

Shchepinov, M.S., Case-Green, S.C., and Southern, E.M., Steric factors influencing hybridization of nucleic acids to oligonucleotide arrays. Nucleic Acid Res., 25(6), 1155-1161, 1997. 

This chapter will review some of the key applications presented by protein microarrays. The use of profein microarrays sfems from works on gene expression arrays described earlier. However, rmlike ifs predecessors whose process formats (mutation detection, polymorphism screening, gene expression analysis, etc.) are essentially based upon solid-phase hybridization of nucleic acid complementary strands, the protein array may play different roles and comprise a variety of formafs. 

In situ hybridization was derived from the techniques of molecular hybridization of nucleic acids that are isolated from a particular cell population or tissue and bound to solid supports. Hybridization of such averaged membrane-bound nucleic acids identifies different classes of DNA (Southern blot) and RNA (Northern blot). However, ISH fills the gap between the detection of a specific sequence and its precise location within the tissue or the cell (Chevalier et al., 1997). 

Hybridization of nucleic acid probes to membrane-bound target sequences is a commonly used technique in gene structure and expression analysis, medical diagnostics, and gene targeting. 

Okahata Y, Matsunobu Y, Ijiro K, Mukae M, Murakami MK (1992) Hybridization of nucleic acids immobilized on a quartz crystal microbalance. J Am Chem Soc 114 8299-8300... 

DNA (double- and single-stranded) AfTinity chromatography and purification of enzymes, including DNA polymerase I and RNA polymerase hybridization of nucleic acids 111... 

D6cimo, D., Georges-Labouesse, E., and Dolle, P. (1995) In situ hybridization of nucleic acid probes to cellular RNA, in Gene Probes 2, (Hames, B. D., and Higgins, S., eds ), Oxford University Press, pp. 183-210... 

Current analytical methods have difficulty detecting picogram levels of nucleic acids, particularly when high levels of other biopolymers (e.g., proteins) are present. The most widely used assay method employed by the pharmaceutical industry involves a nick translation DNA hybridization method (1). This assay offers high sensitivity and selectivity but has a number of drawbacks. 

Hybridization The specific reassociation of complementary strands of nucleic acids (DNA with DNA, DNA with RNA, or RNA with RNA). 

Fig. 10 Charge transport is observed in a variety of nucleic acid assemblies over a wide distance regime (3.4-200 A). Shown are examples of nucleic acid structures through which charge transport has been examined a B-form DNA b DNA-RNA hybrids c cross-over junctions and d nucleosome core particles. In all assemblies, the charge transport chemistry is extremely sensitive to the structure of the -stacked nucleic acid bases...

Two principal types of nucleic acid-based methods, nucleic acid hybridization and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), are commonly used for the rapid identification of bacteria. A few other nucleic acid-based methods will also be mentioned. 

The latter is an interesting example of self-organizing chiral dendrimers. The construction of the dendrimer is based on the natural property of nucleic acids to recognize and specifically bind to complementary sequences. Pairwise hybridization of two designed DNA strands results in the formation of large monomers which have four single stranded arms and a double stranded waist (24, Fig. 12). 

Recently, the use of AR has extended into several other areas, yielding interesting information for cytology, fresh cell/tissue sections, and fluorescence IHC (fluorescence in situ hybridization [FISH]), in addition to adaptations of the method for extraction of nucleic acids and proteins from FFPE tissues for use with modern methods of molecular analysis. In this chapter, the emphasis is on expanded applications in diagnostic cytology, fresh frozen cell/... 

Hybridization the process of a single-stranded nucleic acid molecule binding with a complementary single strand of nucleic acid to form a stable double-stranded molecule. Hybridization is temperature dependent, so DNA s that hybridize strongly at low temperature can be temporarily separated (denatured) by heating. 

Similar techniques can be used to devise (strept)avidin-biotin assay systems for detection of nucleic acid hybridization. DNA probes labeled with biotin can be detected after they bind... 

The chemical modification of nucleic acids at specific sites within individual nucleotides or within oligonucleotides allows various labels to be incorporated into DNA or RNA probes. This labeling process can produce conjugates having sensitive detection properties for the localization or quantification of oligo binding to a complementary strand using hybridization assays. 

Jablonski, E., Moomaw, E.W., Tullis, R.H., and Ruth, J.L. (1986) Preparation of oligo-deoxynucle-otide-alkaline phosphatase conjugates and their use as hybridization probes. Nucleic Acids Res. 14, 6115-6129. 

Traincard, F., Ternynck, T., Danchin, A., and Avrameas, S. (1983) An immunoenzymic procedure for the demonstration of nucleic acid molecular hybridization. Ann. Immunol. 134, 339—405. 

Viscidi, R.P., Connelly, C.J., and Yolken, R.H. (1986) Novel chemical method for the preparation of nucleic acids for nonisotopic hybridization./. Clin. Microbiol. 23, 311-317. 

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