Backward pass

Square nodes in the ANFIS structure denote parameter sets of the membership functions of the TSK fuzzy system. Circular nodes are static/non-modifiable and perform operations such as product or max/min calculations. A hybrid learning rule is used to accelerate parameter adaption. This uses sequential least squares in the forward pass to identify consequent parameters, and back-propagation in the backward pass to establish the premise parameters. 

The learning procedure consists of two stages. In the forward pass training input data go forward the ANFIS architecture, and in the backward pass the error rates propagate backward, being the both the consequent and the membership parameters updated by gradient descent. 

Distance Driving in parallel Turning, driving backwards Passing... 

The Gaussian elimination procedure can therefore be considered as two operations, a forward pass and a backward pass. The objective of the forward pass is to transform the original matrix into an upper-triangular matrix. The backward pass calculates the unknown variables using the back substitution procedure. 

The right hand side of these equations is just the n column vectors of the identity matrix. Since A has been decomposed into U and L, then these n solutions for to o can be solved using the forward pass and backward pass equations given by (2.2.19) to (2.2.22). Finally A is synthesized by... 

Steps 1-3 are known as the forward pass, while Steps 4-8 are known as the backward pass. 

Figure 6.6 The backward pass provides the Latest Start Times and the Latest Finish Times for each task.

This is called the backward pass, that is, going from Stop to Start and determining all the LFTs and LSTs. Having completed the forward pass and backward pass, we can identify the CP provided that we use this nomenclature ... 

The updating process is simply a matter of showing the new information on the network and then performing a new forward pass and backward pass. As a result of the update, the absolute completion time and/or the location of the CP are likely to change. Let s illustrate the updating process. Assume that you, as project manager, have periodically assessed the status of each task and the project is at the end of the week 10. The status of tasks is shown in Table 6.2. 

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