Hunger and appetite

Human beings have evolved an elaborate system of physiological and psychological mechanisms to ensure that the body s needs for metabolic fuels and nutrients are met. 

1 HUNGER AND SATIETY - SHORT-TERM CONTROL OF FEEDING 

3) or to stimulate it in people with loss of appetite or anorexia. 

What is not known is what signals hunger or satiety to these hypothalamic centres. It may be the relative concentrations of glucose, triacylglycerols, non-esterified fatty acids and ketone bodies available as metabolic fuels in the fed and fasting states (section 

Equally, the relative concentrations of the hormones insulin and glucagon (section 5.3 and section 10.5) and some of the peptide hormones secreted by the gastrointestinal tract during digestion of food may be important. There is also evidence that the amount of the amino acid tryptophan available for uptake into the brain may be important tryptophan availability to the brain is controlled by both the concentration of tryptophan relative to other large neutral amino acids (section 4.4.1) and the extent 

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Spiegel, K., Tasali, E., Penev, P. 8r Van, C. E. (2004). Brief communication Sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite. Ann. Intern. Med. 141, 846-50. 

Hollister LE (1971) Hunger and appetite after single doses of marihuana, alcohol, and dextroamphetamine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 12 44-49... 

Also see DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION, section headed "Hunger and Appetite.")... 

Hunger and Appetite Anatomy of the Digestive System Physiology of Digestion Mouth Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Pancreas Liver... 

HUNGER AND APPETITE. Hunger is the physiological desire for food following a period of fasting. Appetite, on the other hand. Is a learned or habitual response to the presence of food. An individual that is extremely hungry may not have an appetite for a type of food that it deems undesirable. Conversely, if the food is of a desirable nature,... 

In two-factor theory, hungers and other appetites must be elicited by stimuli that are outside of the person s control. If the theory s other assumptions were true, this tenet would be both possible and necessary. It would be possible because two-factor theory holds appetites to be special kinds of processes that initially depend on innate releasing stimuli but that can come to be elicited by arbitrary cues through pairing alone. It would be necessary in the case of aversive appetites, because, with conventional exponential discounting, there is no other mechanism to make a person generate them. The easiest cure for fear... 

An individual s unlearned potential to be rewarded in a particular modality, which probably should be called drive for lack of a widely accepted alternative, forms the motivational basis for hungers, cravings, emotions, and appetites. Drives constrain what can be rewarding and do not themselves depend on reward. 

Carlson, A. J. 1916. "The Relation of Hunger to Appetite." In The Control of Hunger in Health and Disease. Chicago University of Chicago Press. 

Halmi, K. A. and S. R. Sunday (1991). Temporal patterns of hunger and fullness ratings and related cognitions in anorexia and bulimia. Appetite 16(3) 219-37. 

Leighton (1996) offers a systematic analysis of the Aristotelian theory of the emotions in terms of their impact on judgment. He discusses the objection that mere appetites such as hunger and thirst also affect judgment and are accompanied by pleasure and pain "(Tlhe alcoholic s thirst may be so strong that the person decides that wood alcohol is not so bad. However, it is not... the thirst that alters... 

The fenfe of extenfion may be ranked amongft thefe appetites, fince the deficiency of its obje(fl gives difagreeable fenfation when this happens in the arterial fyftem, it is called faint-npfs, and feems to bear fome analogy to hunger and to cold / which like it are attended with emptinefs of a part of the vafcii-lar fyftem. 

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