Psychological mechanisms

A metaphor is an expression with which an object is described using notions usually associated with an entirely different object. In tbis way, these two objects are equated, and meaningful intellectual insight plus emotional response are created. Metaphors enrich human language and allow the expression of complex notions in very few words. They also have huge stimulating and emotional power. As a matter of fact, stimulating power and emotional power are themselves metaphors. More examples follow  

An analogy is a kind of a metaphor in which two objects are not equated but compared, usually using expressions such as like or as. Examples  

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A study by Kontogiannis and Lucas (1990) has reviewed these approaches and developed a classification of cognitive phenomena which occur under high stress. This is presented in Figure 3.5. The classification was developed by examining a number of incidents from various industrial sectors. The cognitive phenomena illustrate in a practical manner the psychological mechanisms which can precipitate errors under stress. 

Fig. 22.1 Mechanisms underlying substance abuse. Addictive behavior is seen as a cyclical process where anticipation of the pleasure resulting from use of the drug leads to failure of the psychological mechanisms that usually control consumption. Excess quantities of drug are taken and an unpleasant withdrawal state arises when drug levels fall. This leads to...

Kirsch, I. (1997) Specifying nonspecifics psychological mechanisms of placebo effects. In Harrington, A., Ed., The Placebo Effect An Interdisciplinary Exploration Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press pp. 166-186. 

Polivy, Janet, and Peter Herman. 1993. "Etiology of Binge Eating Psychological Mechanisms." In Binge Eating, edited by Christopher G. Fairbum and Terence Wilson. New York Guilford. 

It is a psychological mechanism of filtering all available information and selecting only the pieces of positive information. It can be also explained in the context of knowledge acquisition and learning from both positive and negative examples when both kinds of examples are necessary and equally important. 

At first, the trainees should get only a general overview of the method, its assumptions, and the psychological mechanisms involved. A discussion of the four analogies should follow. The training should be provided for all five future team members together, not only to help them to learn about themselves and to build human relationships but also to learn about analogies as a group. In this case, there will be an increased probability... 

Intellectually, Synectics is a sophisticated method with roots in psychology. All its assumptions, the psychological states it identifies, and particularly its operational psychological mechanisms have been discovered through years of solid repeatable research and are verifiable. For all these reasons, the method is relatively easy to accept for scientists and engineers. 

That is, those that require the lowest excitation energies. Later, a psychological mechanism began to work supported by economics the high-energy excitations are numerous and, because of that, very expensive and they correspond to a high number of electrons excited. Due to this, a reasonable restriction for the number of configurations in the Cl expansion is excitation rank. We will come back to this problem later. 

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