Human vulnerability

When does it become okay to have a relationship with a former client There is much debate about when it may be ethically okay for a therapist or counselor to have such a relationship, with some professionals expressing the opinion that such a relationship maybe possible, without risk of compromise or coercion, several months or years after therapy has ended. I do not have an easy answer to this question. As a therapist I know there is something unique about a therapeutic relationship that creates or enhances human vulnerability. My feeling is that counselors and therapists must respect the client amid this vulnerability by not taking advantage of that moment. Does this vulnerability between a therapist and a client ever go away I honestly do not know, but a therapist should consider the vulnerability factor in any relationship with a client, even an ex-client, very strongly and deliberately before acting on emotional attractions, even many years after therapy ends. Even if you are convinced sufficient time has passed for that vulnerability to diminish, it may not have diminished from the standpoint of your ex-client. 

As can be seen, the real cause of most accidents is what might be classified as human errors. Most people have good intentions to perform a function properly, but where shortcuts, easier methods or considerable economic gain opportunities appear or present themselves, human vulnerability usually succumbs to the temptation. Therefore it is prudent in any organization, especially where high risk facilities are operated, to have a system in place to conduct considerable independent checks, inspections, and safety audits of the design and construction of the installation. 

Clare, V.R.L. and A.P. Kichicwicz, Handbook of Human Vulnerability Criteria — Chapter 9 Projectile-Induced Blunt Trauma. Department of the Army, Headquaters, Edgewoos Arsenal, Aberdeen Proving Ground, 1976. 

Key words casualty reduction, human vulnerability, personal armour,... 

Understanding human vulnerability requires corrsideration of both the likelihood and the severity of incapacitation. This means that the designer must find out what levels of incapacitation are important, which areas of the body are... 

This work will continue to be relevant, though it can be improved. Potential areas for improvement are to design armour better and to design better armour. The former involves novel materials, improved constraction techniques and more efficient manufacturing methods. The latter can be achieved with better models, particularly of human vulnerability and the ergonomic penalty. 

The production values of the series lent a seriousness to the Bond stories that, as discussed, might easily have been lost with early success in the theatrical film versions. Neill s Bond remains plausible throughout— tough, smart, and humanly vulnerable. By the end of the run, the international cult following had reinvigorated the franchise and more films went into production over the next ten years. Sam Neill reprised the role once on the big screen, in a Steven Spielberg production of Moonraker. 

Newman, E., and Van Seim, J. (eds.) (2003) Refugees and Forced Displacement International Security, Human Vulnerability, and the State. Tokyo United Nations University Press. 

Soft Tissue Injuries. Some of the more common soft tissue injuries are sprains, strains, contusions, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress injuries, caused by damaged tendons, muscles, and ligaments. A sprain is a soft tissue injury to the ligaments. Certain sprains are often associated with small fractures. This type of injury is normally associated with a localized trauma event. The severity of the sprain depends on how much of the ligament is torn and to what extent the ligament is detached from the bone. The areas of the human body that are most vulnerable to sprains are ankles, knees, and wrists. 

Humans and systems designed and built by them are vulnerable to error. 

Human error has often been used as an excuse for deficiencies in the overall management of a plant. It may be convenient for an organization to attribute the blame for a major disaster to a single error made by a faUible process worker. As will be discussed in subsequent sections of this book, the individual who makes the final error leading to an accident may simply be the final straw that breaks a system already made vulnerable by poor management. 

An opportimity for error recovery would have been to implement a checking stage by a supervisor or independent worker, since this was a critical maintenance operation. However, this had not been done. Another aspect of the unforgiving environment was the vulnerability of the system to a single human error. The fact that the critical water jacket flow was dependent upon a single pump was a poor design that would have been detected if a hazard identification technique such as a hazard and operability study (HAZOP) had been used to assess the design. 

Plants are particularly vulnerable to human error during shutdowns for repair and maintenance. Tfiis is partly due to the higher level of direct human involvement with the plant, when errors are likely if procedures and supervisory systems are poor. Errors also occur during high stress situations such as emergency shutdowns. Workers need to be trained in how to handle these situations so that less stress is experienced (see Chapter 3). 

The analysis of accidents and disasters in real systems makes it clear that it is not sufficient to consider error and its effects purely from the perspective of individual human failures. Major accidents are almost always the result of multiple errors or combinations of single errors with preexisting vulnerable conditions (Wagenaar et al., 1990). Another perspective from which to define errors is in terms of when in the system life cycle they occur. In the following discussion of the definitions of human error, the initial focus will be from the engineering and the accident analysis perspective. More detailed consideration of the definitions of error will be deferred to later sections in this chapter where the various error models will be described in detail (see Sections 5 and 6). 

HFAM has 20 groups of factors instead of the 10 general failure types of the TRIPOD approach. The reason for this is that all of the 10 TRIPOD GFTs would be applied in all situations, even though the actual questions that make up the factors may vary. In the case of HFAM, it would be rare to apply all of the factors unless an entire plant was being evaluated. HFAM uses a screening process to first identify the major areas vulnerable to human error. The generic factors and appropriate job specific factors are then applied to these areas. For example, control room questions would not be applied to maintenance jobs. 

Risk analysis is an assessment of the likelihood (probability) of an accidental release of a hazardous material and tlie actual consequences tliat might occur, based on tlie estimated vulnerable zones. It provides an estimation of tlie likelihood (probability) of an accidental release, tlie severity of consequences of human injuiy that may occur, the severity of consequences on critical facilities, tlie severity of consequences of damage to property, and the severity of consequences of damage to tlie enviromiient. 

The improvement of human control over inanimate forms of energy, put to use to military ends, has improved the logistics and coordination aspects of armies and navies, and increased the overall destructive capacity of humanity. Energy-efficient propulsion systems have reduced the costs and increased the ranges of various forms of transportation, both militai y and civilian. For the militai y, energy is both a blessing and a vulnerability, requiring ever-more-specialized soldiers and more expensive equipment to remain effective in the face of competition from other modern military forces. 

A new coronavirus was quickly identified after the outbreak of an atypical pneumonia in southern China early in 2003. The new virus eventually caused 8,000 infections with approximately 800 deaths in 29 countries. The condition was named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, SARS, and the causative coronavirus named SARS-CoV. The zoonotic nature of the infection came with the identification of a similar virus in bats (Poon et al. 2005), although it is possible that the bat virus passed through other animal hosts and recombined with other SARS-like coron-aviruses prior to infecting humans (Hon et al. 2008). SARS-CoV is not currently circulating in the human population however, the mysterious appearance and rapid spread of this virus emphasized how vulnerable the human population is to such respiratory infections. This has spurred interest in the development of antivirals that could be used either in treatment or as prophylaxis to complement public health measures in curbing future outbreaks. 

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