Human rights activities

Also m May 1968, Sakharov accepted an offer to return to FIAN to work on academic topics. He combined work on fundamental theoretical physics with increased political activism, developing contacts to the emerging human rights movement. His wife, Klavdia, died of cancer in March 1969. In 1970 Sakharov and Soviet dissidents Valeiy Chalidze and Andrei Tverdokhlebov founded the Moscow Human Rights Committee. In the movement he met Elena Bonner, who became his companion-in-arms. They married in 1972. 

The chapter ends by demonstrating the interrelatedness of the formal rights regime and activism on the ground that they are mutually constituitive. The conclusion also outlines a way forward for human rights and for the access to medicine campaign. 

Today, employees and shareholders increasingly view sustainability as a primary consideration in the company s key functions - product development, manufacturing, human resource activities and community involvement - because it is the right thing and because it makes business sense. 

In February 1992, two years after reunification, the following story was reported from the former East Germany.3 The recently opened Stasi (secret police) files had revealed that a 30-year-old woman who had been involved in a human rights demonstration in the mid-1980s had for the next six years been under observation—and that the spy who had reported her activities throughout this time was her husband. She filed for divorce. Her husband stated in an interview that if the Communists had remained in control, he would have continued to spy on her. 

The international as well as the supranational (i.e. European Community) law do not only promote the development of activating measures but set also certain legal limits. For example, the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) has to be mentioned here. Linked to the question of reasonable work, the discussion on forced labour revives again and again. The critics contend that it is a kind of forced labour if the unemployed has to accept any occupation at any salary as modest as it may be in order to avoid administrative sanctions. This point of view is discussed controversially, but at least the debate reveals the fear of the persons involved that they will be completely at the mercy of a liberalised labour market. More importance could inhere in the conventions of the International Labour Organisation (ILO). It is the task of the ILO to preserve the interests of the employed and to ensure sufficient protection. 

Since the main objective of activation is the integration of the jobless into the labour market, defending the interests of the persons concerned would be a task of the ILO. However, due to its history, the ILO sees itself more as a lobbyist for people in work and less as a defender of the rights of unemployed or persons in activating measures. At least, the minimum standards stipulated in ILO Conventions can contribute to an improvement of the rights of people in the activation process. However, these ILO Conventions, contrary to the Convention on Human Rights, do not provide for an individual right to claim but are enforceable only in a relatively complex procedure on the political level. 

The Dutch legislator has a broad scope of opportunities to fulfil its task. International law is of particular importance because in the Netherlands acts of parliament are bound to the constitutional law but courts cannot review their constitutionality. This is not true for the conformity of rules with EU law and other international statutes. In this case, courts can review the conformity of rules with these norms. The rights fixed in the European Declaration of Human Rights and the ILO Conventions play a particular role. They might work as an obstacle in the legislative process since courts have the power to check completely their observance. The most important sources of law with regard to activation are the Unemployment Insurance Law, the Work and Welfare Act and the Act on Employment and Income Depending on Work Capacity (WIA Act). 

Figure 9. Calculated human AChE activities after percutaneous VX and simultaneous intramuscular oxime injection. The changes in AChE activity were calculated by using plasma VX concentrations, measured in guinea-pigs (van der Schans et al., 2003) and human pharmacokinetic data of the oximes for 250 mg of obidoxime (continuous line), 600 mg of 2-PAM (broken line) and 500 mg of HI 6 ( grey line) and exposure to 5 x LD50 VX (VX concentration given as dotted line, right-hand side, bottom graph). Oxime administration, 1 autoinjector (AI), was assumed to occur at 0,240 and 480 min...

Colombia and Mexico are not the only countries in which U.S. supply reduction activities have failed to achieve the desired objectives or have actually caused harm. In 2004, the Washington Offlce on Latin America, a think tank on Latin American human rights and social justice, published a study on the impact of U.S. drug pohcy on democracy in Latin America. The study found... 

Many businesses now have a formal company policy statement on hmnan rights [12]. For example, the energy company BP published Human Rights A Guidance Note in 2006 [13]. The purpose of the note is to explain what human rights means in the context of BP s activities and to provide guidance for leaders and employees ... 

---