Human hybrids

Computers, or computer/human hybrids, will surpass humans in every area, from art to mathematics to music to sheer intellect. I do not know when this will happen, but I think it very likely that it will happen in this century. Of course, computers already exceed human intelligence when it comes to winning chess or solving certain mathematical problems. I see no reason this basic skill won t gradually metastasize into other areas like painting, music, and literature. 

Flow cytometry has been applied in many creative ways to the science of molecular biology. Flow sorting, based on Floechst 33258 and chromomycin A3 fluorescence, turns out to be one of the best ways available for obtaining relatively pure preparations of each type of chromosome. Even those chromosomes that are not distinguishable by their fluorescence (e.g., 9-12) can usually be sorted from hamster-human hybrid cell lines. These preparations of reasonably... 

Human cells are killed by 10 7 ouabain, but mouse cells are relatively resistant in that 10 3M is a lethal dose. Mouse human hybrids show intermediate sensitivity and hence HAT medium containing 10 7M ouabain can be used to select for hybrids between any human cell and TK or HPRT mouse cells. This enables primarily human cells and other non-selected strains to be used in fusion experiments (Mayhew, 1972 Thompson and Baker, 1973). 

Fig. 18. Metaphase image of a mouse/human hybrid bearing multiple human chromosomes, probed with FITC-biotinylated human DNA (light gray) and counterstained with propidium iodide (dark gray). The human chromosomes show up in light gray as a result ofacombined signal of FITC and PI. (Sample courtesy of Dr. Roger A. Schultz, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.)...

The expression of human immunoglobulin heavy chains in mouse-human hybrids was shown to be correlated with the presence of chromosome 14 [94], Hob-... 

The hybrids were derived from patient skin fibroblasts and LTK", lacking thymidine kinase but wild type of HGPRT. Selection for mouse/human hybrids was carried out in HAT medium. After 1 month, hybrid clones were picked with glass cylinder and transferred to individual dishes. Of the 21 clones selected on the basis of thymidine kinase activity, only a single clone, C7, had human glucose-6-... 

TABLE II Human or Human Hybrid Fusion Partners... 

Manal-3ManP Human hybrid and complex M61829 [59] ... 

If DNA from two different species are mixed, denatured, and allowed to cool slowly so that reannealing can occur, artificial hybrid duplexes may form, provided the DNA from one species is similar in nucleotide sequence to the DNA of the other. The degree of hybridization is a measure of the sequence similarity or relatedness between the two species. Depending on the conditions of the experiment, about 25% of the DNA from a human forms hybrids with mouse DNA, implying that some of the nucleotide sequences (genes) in humans are very similar to those in mice. Mixed RNA DNA hybrids can be created in vitro if single-stranded DNA is allowed to anneal with RNA copies of itself, such as those formed when genes are transcribed into mRNA molecules. 

Humanized Monoclonal Antibodies Humoral Immunity HVA Ca2+ Channels Hybridization... 

Goate, A.M., Cooper, D.N., Hall, C., Leung, T.K., Solomon, E., Li, L. (1987). Localization of a human heat shock hsp70 gene sequence to chromosome 6 and detection of two other loci by somatic cell hybrid and RFLP analysis. Hum. Gen. 75, 123-128. 

The Liskamp group also examined the ability of peptoid-peptide hybrids to be bound by the MHC Class II receptor, an important component of the human immune system [39]. Two of three peptoid substitutions in the 14-residue peptide caused substantial decreases in binding affinity, despite the fact that these were solvent-exposed residues. These results were attributed to a loss of hydrogen-bond contacts as well as to steric clashes caused by unfavorable positioning of the new side chain groups. 

PNA oligomers have also found widespread application as probes for in situ hybridization (FISH) both in human diagnostics [119-122] and in environmental detection of microbes [123, 124]. 

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