Household flour

Plain Flour. This product is the ordinary flour used for most home baking. The equivalent product in the USA is general purpose flour, although one will not necessarily substitute for the other. This type of flour is sometimes called household flour. 

As discussed in Chapter 10, a wide variety of additives is used in the polymer industry. Stabilizers, waxes, and processing aids reduce degradation of the polymer during processing and use. Dyes and pigments provide the many hues that we observe in synthetic fabrics and molded articles, such as household containers and toys. Functional additives, such as glass fibers, carbon black, and metakaolins can improve dimensional stability, modulus, conductivity, or electrical resistivity of the polymer. Fillers can reduce the cost of the final part by replacing expensive resins with inexpensive materials such as wood flour and calcium carbonate. The additives chosen will depend on the properties desired. 

Hydrogen cyanide, HCN (bp 26.5°C)—Hydrogen cyanide is used as insecticidal fumigant on citrus, in flour mills, in households, and on stored grains. Its inhalation LC50 (5 min) in rabbits is 503 ppm. 

Though an ideal decontaminant may be difficult to attain, many alternatives exist that are readily available and meet many basic requirements, van Hooidonk et al. (1983) evaluated a variety of household products as decontaminants for VX, soman, and sulfur mustard. His paper provides an excellent comparison of these readily available decontaminants to include flour, soapy water, talcum powder, and tissue paper. We have selected several other candidate decontaminants that are under investigation, in advanced development, or currently fielded. These include the currently fielded U.S. Department of Defense skin decontaminants (M291 Skin Decontamination Kit [SDK], 0.5% hypochlorite, and 1% soapy water). Reactive Skin Decontaminant Lotion (RSDL), Diphoterine, Sandia Laboratory s Decontamination Foam, and the Decontamination Sponge. 

FIG. 16 Typical shape of a compression curve for household wheat flour (type 405) (from Ehlermann and Schubert, 1987). 

Decontamination studies have been conducted using common household products. The goal of these studies was identification of decontaminants for civilians as well as field expedients for the soldier. Timely use of water, soap and water, or flour followed by wet tissue wipes produced results equal, nearly equal, or in some instances better than those produced by the use of fuller s earth, Dutch Powder, and other compounds.4 (Fuller s earth [diatomaceous earth] and Dutch Powder [Dutch variation of fuller s earth] are decontamination agents currently fielded by some European countries.) Because no topical decontaminant has ever shown efficacy with chemical agent that has penetrated into the skin, and because chemical agents may begin penetrating the skin before complete reactive decontamination (detoxification) takes place, early physical removal is most important. 

Currently the world s consumption of plastics is growing in this regard there are difficulties in disposing of large amounts of household plastic waste. The solution is to develop biodegradable polymers with a specific expiration date. This work is dedicated to the creation of biodegradable composite material based on LDPE, wood flour and rubbers of different nature. 

Governments may also provide universal access to food or other commodities through subsidized, untargeted sales at public distribution centers or designated private outlets on a first-come, first-served basis. This is the case for bread and flour subsidies in Egypt (box 7.8). When a government does not choose to subsidize all the sales of a commodity, quantities may be rationed by the imposition of limits on the amount that any one household may purchase. In such cases, governments impose quantity limits both to reduce... 

The past 20 years have seen numerous reforms in relation to the use and scope of universal rations. Ration programs are still extensive in a few countries such as Egypt, where subsidized bread and flour are available to all Egyptians in unlimited quantities, but rationed goods are available in limited quantities and only to households that hold ration cards (World Bank 2005c). 

Description The scheme included a major subsidy on rice, the staple food of the entire population. Other major commodities such as wheat flour, sugar, and powdered milk, were subsidized at various times. The amount of the subsidies and consumer entitlements have undergone changes influenced by fiscal and political considerations. In 1978, the subsidy was replaced by a targeted program of rice rations (means-tested based on self-reported household income), and in 1979 was replaced by food stamps. 

Commercially available (retail market) flour for household preparations of baked products. 

Once the process of grinding cereal grains to make flour had been discovered, it cannot have taken long to observe that damp flour formed a rather sticky paste that would become solid when dried. Older readers may remember their parents or grandparents preparing flour and water paste as a simple household adhesive. One widespread use for it was the hanging... 

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