Household air

Electrostatic precipitators have been used in various gas-cleaning applications almost for a century. During the past decades, a large number of modifi cations to electrostatic precipitators have been developed, the nn.ist common being duct and pipe types. The utilization of electrostatic precipitation extends from small household air cleaners up to huge industrial gas-cleaning systems. 

Karlsson M, Inlander A, van Bavel B, Hardell L (2007) Levels of brominated flame retardants in blood in relation to levels in household air and dust. Environ Int 33 62-69... 

Rudel, R.A., Seryak, L.M., et al (2008) PCB-containing wood fioor finish is a likely source of elevated PCBs in residents blood, household air and dust a case study of exposure. Environmental Health, 7. 

Webber JS, Syrotynski S, King MV. 1988. Asbestos-contaminated drinking water Its impact on household air. Environ Res 46 153-167. 

Referenced Calculations. Exposure assessment involves numerous calculations, covering both cross-media transfers of chemicals and the derivation of exposures from concentrations and scenario-specific parameters. In general terms, such calculations can be viewed as the limiting case (in simplicity) of either theoretical or empirical models. All calculations in Risk Assistant for deriving exposures from concentrations in an appropriate medium (e.g. inhalation exposures from air concentrations) are obtained from the Exposure Factors Handbook (4). Equations for evaluating cross-media transfer for particular exposure scenarios (e.g. volatilization from domestic water to household air) are obtained from literature sources. For such equations, the original reference is provided for the user. 

Industrial and occupational exposures continue to occur (Bluhm et al. 1992 O Carroll et al. 1995). The journal Science reported the death of a prominent research chemist from mercury poisoning in a laboratory (Holden 1997). Other exposures can result from interior and exterior latex paints, many of which contained mercury-based antibacterials until 1990 and 1991, respectively (Agocs and Clarkson 1995). These paints raise household air mercury concentration 1,000-fold (Agocs and Clarkson 1995). Thermometers still use mercury, and children of thermometer plant workers have mercury levels five times those of other children in the same community (Hudson et al. 1987). 

World Health Organization. 2014. Burden of disease from Household Air Pollution for 2012. Geneva, Switzerland World Health Organization. 

In an attempt to identify sources of APs, levels of 4-tcrt-NP, A-tert-OP and some APEs were determined in a variety of household cleaners, cosmetics, personal care products, and household products a vinyl shower curtain had the highest level of 4-tert-NP (in the range of >100 to 1,000 pg/g) in the items surveyed (Dodson et al. 2012). To what extent FCMs could be a source contributing to household air and dust levels of NP or OP is not known. 

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