Hot spring

Sulfur occurs native in the vicinity of volcanos and hot springs. It is widely distributed in nature as iron pyrites, galena, sphalerite, cinnabar, stibnite, gypsum, epsom salts, celestite, barite, etc. 

Twenty isotopes are known. Radon-22, from radium, has a half-life of 3.823 days and is an alpha emitter Radon-220, emanating naturally from thorium and called thoron, has a half-life of 55.6 s and is also an alpha emitter. Radon-219 emanates from actinium and is called actinon. It has a half-life of 3.96 s and is also an alpha emitter. It is estimated that every square mile of soil to a depth of 6 inches contains about 1 g of radium, which releases radon in tiny amounts into the atmosphere. Radon is present in some spring waters, such as those at Hot Springs, Arkansas. 

Taq polymerase was first found in a bacterium Ther mus aquaticus) that lives in hot springs in Yellowstone National Park Bacteria of this type are called ther mophiles because they thrive in warm environments... 

Most of the developed hot-water fields are located by significant surface indications, particularly in the form of hot springs. Once a resource has been identified, a variety of techniques can be used to map the system and determine whether it is of a size sufficient to justify commercial development. Hidden hot-water resources are much more difficult to locate, but geologic indicators such as volcanic activity and evidence of hydrothermal alteration can be used. 

Other natural sources, such as alkaline and saltwater lakes, are usually quite local in their effect on the environment. Sulfurous gases from hot springs also fall into this category in that the odor is extremely strong when close to the source but disappears a few kilometers away. 

Sprudel, m. bubbling spring, hot spring- -boh-rung,/. (Petroleum) gusher, spouter. sprudeln, v.i. bubble, spout. 

Sprudel-platte, /. bubble tray, -salz, n. Karlsbad salt, -stein, m. deposit from hot springs. Spruh-apparat, m. spraying or sprinklmg apparatus. -diise,/. spray nozzle, -elektrode, /. ionizing electrode. 

Warmbrunnen, m. hot spring, thermal spring, warmdehnbar, a. (Metal.) hot-ductile. 

Boron is mined as borax and kernite, Na2B407-xH20, with x = 10 and 4, respectively. Large deposits from ancient hot springs are found in volcanic regions, such as the Mojave Desert region of California. In the extraction process, the ore is converted into boron oxide with acid and then reduced with magnesium to an impure brown, amorphous form of boron ... 

Carved wooden bears in all shapes and sizes overwhelmed Yngve and me at our visit to Noboribetsu in 1976. There was an afternoon to spare before the opening of the "Oji International Seminar on Theories and Ab Initio Computations of Molecular Electronic Structure" at Tomakomai, Hokkaido in the fall of 1976 so we wished to experience the hot springs. The train left us with a choice of buses, the desdnations of which were clearly indicated in Japanese writing. We found the right one and came to a city in a canyon where the sulfur fumes and hot water let themselves out. The kind reception by Kimio Ohno and Fukashi Sasaki at Hokkaido University remains a vivid memory. 

C04-0149. Surface deposits of elemental sulfur around hot springs and volcanoes are believed to come from a two-step redox process. Combustion of hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) produces sulfur dioxide and water. 

C21-0081. Water in thermal hot springs often is unpalatable due to dissolved H2 S. Treatment with CI2 oxidizes the sulfur to Sg, which precipitates (the other product is HCl). Balance this reaction and calculate the mass of CI2 required to purify 6.0 X 10 L of water (the average amount used daily by one person in the United States) containing 25 ppm (by mass) dissolved H2 S. 

Hugenholtz P, C Pitulle, KL Hershberger, NR Pace (1998) Novel division level bacterial diversity in a Yellowstone hot spring. J Bacteriol 180 366-376. 

Recently, epithermal gold deposits were divided into several types based on gangue minerals, and physicochemical environment of ore deposition (pH, H2S concentration of ore fluids). They are hot spring-type (Silberman, 1982 Berger, 1983a Berger and Eimon,... 

Most of epithermal precious-metal vein-type deposits in Japan can be classed as adularia-sericite-type, and low sulfidation-type. Very few hot spring-type deposits (quartz-alunite-type, high sulfidation-type) are found in the Japanese Islands. A summary of various characteristic features of adularia-sericite type (low sulfidation-type) is given mainly in section 1.4. 

A few examples of hot spring-type deposits occur in the Japanese Islands. The characteristics of this type of deposits are described briefly in section 2.7. 

Shikazono et al. (1990) divided epithermal precious-metal vein-type deposits into Te-bearing and Se-bearing deposits. As will be considered later, Te-bearing deposits are regarded as intermediate-type of adularia-sericite-type and hot spring-type. The distinction between these two types of deposits is discussed in section 1.4. 

Figure 1.89. Activity of 82(052 )-temperature diagram showing possible as and temperature ranges for epithermal Au disseminated-type (hot spring type), epithermal Au-Ag vein-type and epithermal base metal vein-type deposits in Japan (Shikazono 1986 Shikazono and Shimizu, 1988b).

In contrast to the estimation of total dissolved sulfur concentration (ES), the total dissolved selenium concentration (ESe) has not yet been estimated. The Beppu hot springs which are accompanied by Au-Ag siliceous sinter, contain about 10 moI/1 Se (Uzumasa, 1965). For the construction of Figs. 1.93 and 1.94, the Se/S ratio of the ore fluids is assumed to be 10 . ... 

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