Hormone estrogen and progesterone

Small lipophilic (lipid-soluble) hormones diffuse across the plasma membrane and then interact with intracellular receptors in the cytosol or nucleus. The resulting hormone-receptor complex often binds to regions of the DNA and affects the transcription of certain genes (see Topic G7). Small lipophilic hormones with intracellular receptors include the steroid hormones which are synthesized from cholesterol (see Topic K5) (e.g. the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone), thyroxine which is produced by thyroid cells and is the principal iodinated compound in animals, retinoic acid which is derived from vitamin A, and vitamin D which is synthesized in the skin in response to sunlight (see Topic K5). 

The combination birth control pill contains synthetic versions of the two female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone. 

The first half of the twentieth century witnessed the discovery of the three most important hormones involved in reproduction, the female hormones estrogen and progesterone, and the male hormone testosterone. Soon after, companies began to manufacture the first synthetic hormones for the treatment of infertility. In 1944, the first laboratory test showing that human oocytes could be fertilized in vitro was carried out. Thirty-four years later, the first so-called test-tube baby was born in England, and sperm banks became more common. The late twentieth century saw two more milestones in infertility treatment the first successful implantation and pregnancy with an egg that had been cryopreserved and the development of intracytoplasmic sperm injection technology. 

Steroid Hormones and Neurosteroids. Steroids (qv) can affect neuroendocrine function, stress responses, and behavioral sexual dimorphism (78,79) (see Steroids). Mineralocorticoid, glucocorticoid, androgen, estrogen, and progesterone receptors are localized in the brain and spinal cord. In addition to genomic actions, the neurosteroid can act more acutely to modulate the actions of other receptors or ion channels (80). Pregnenolone [145-13-17, ( ) dehydroepiandosterone [53-43-0] C H2 02 (319) are excitatory neurosteroids found in rat brain, independent of adrenal... 

Petersen SL, McCrone S, Keller M, Shores S (1995) Effects of estrogen and progesterone on luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone messenger ribonucleic acid levels consideration of temporal and neuroanatomical variables. Endocrinology 136 3604-3610... 

Antibiotic revolution has provided long and healthy life to people. The life expectancy has almost doubled. The increased population has caused many social problems in terms of food resources, environmental issues, employment, etc. To control these problems, population is required to be controlled. This has lead to the concept of family planning. Antifertility drugs are of use in this direction. Birth control pills essentially contain a mixture of S)mthetic estrogen and progesterone derivatives. Both of these compounds are hormones. It is known that progesterone suppresses ovulation. Synthetic progesterone derivatives are more potent than... 

An additional mode of estrogen and progesterone action is classified as nongenomic effects. Nongenomic mechanisms for steroid hormone action are attributed to responses to estrogens and progestins that occur in a very short time (seconds to several minutes) such that they are difficult to explain by transcriptional activa-... 

Control of ovarian secretion and the actions of its hormones. In the follicular phase the ovary produces mainly estrogens in the luteal phase it produces estrogens and progesterone. SERMs, selective estrogen receptor modulators. See text. 

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