Explanation horizontal

A model is generally a horizontal explanation, an analogy. In science, we use both types of explanations, but the vertical explanation is preferred and is what I described in Chapter 1 as theorizing. We already have the data in their obvious form. We do not want simply to feel more comfortable by seeing that they show patterns familiar to us. We want to know what lies behind the obvious. We want something that is more generalizable than the particular data you happen to have looked at we want predictive power to lead us to new data. 

There are several possible explanations of the apparent conflict between Figs. 34 and 35. One possible explanation, for example, would be that the vertical upflow curve drawn in Fig. 34 may not be a straight line, but should perhaps curve upwards (the data itself shows some signs of this) toward the uppermost point of the horizontal flow line, which corresponds to the rod bundle in question. It will be seen later, however, that this would not appear to be the explanation. In addition, there is the fact that all the horizontal flow data in Fig. 34, as well as the new data in Fig. 35, are for a test pressure of 1215 psia, whereas the vertical upflow data in Fig. 34 refer to 1000 psia. Although there is no evidence to indicate the effect of pressure in the case of rod-bundle systems with round tubes, it is found that increasing pressure from... 

Figure 8. ( T )o/Ba ratios (recalculated at the time of eraption) vs. eraption ages of the pre-1970 lavas from Mt. Etna (Condomines et al. 1995). The constant ( Ra)o/Ba ratios are interpreted by a model of steady-state reservoir (see text for explanation). The upper and lower horizontal lines correspond to 5% of the mean (the maximum estimated error on the ( Ra)o/Ba ratios).

Figure A2. ( Ra/ °Th) and f °Th/ U) calculated from the analytical solution (solid light curves), approximate analytical solution (dotted light curves) and full numerical solution (solid dark curves). Horizontal curves represent constant maximum porosity ( x), while vertical curves represent constant upwelling rates (W ) in cm/yr. Selected contours are labeled. Contours range from 1-100 cm/a and 0.1-10% for upwelling velocity and maximum porosity, respectively. See text for explanation.

Fig. 1 (a) Comparison of measured values of for two P-phospholyl-NHPs at different temperatures in solution (data denoted as squares or diamonds, respectively solid lines represent fits of the temperature dependent variation) with values measured in the solid state (dashed horizontal lines). (b) Explanation of the observed variation in solution as a consequence of a dynamic equilibrium between trans- and gauche-rotamers. (Data from [45])... 

Fig. 3. Schematic view of pairs of protein comparisons. Each protein is represented as a horizontal line, with the domains marked as boxes or ovals. Three pairs of proteins are shown, with domains that are related between the pair shaded gray, and domains that are unique to one of the sequences shown unshaded. The region of pairwise similarity is boxed within dashed lines. See text for a fuller explanation.

The term Qsh is the net solar radiant energy absorption rate on the basin bottom. It is equivalent to total radiation incident on the basin cover minus reflection from the cover, the water surface, and the basin bottom, and minus loss due to structural shadowing. Its determination from Weather Bureau records of total daily radiation on a horizontal surface is complicated by many factors such as variation in angle of incidence, and resulting transmissivity of cover, hourly and seasonally, intensity change due to cloudiness, and different properties of direct and diffuse radiations. Detailed explanation of these meteorological and optical calculations is beyond the scope of this paper, but may be found in the literature (6). 

The horizontal lines in the lower part of the figure show the range of dominance of solids controlling solubility and aqueous species as functions of Eh. Figures 3 through 7 are interpreted similarly. See text for further explanation.)... 

It will be observed that some of the curves are concave upward, while others are concave downward. While the mathematical proof for this is not given, the physical explanation is not hard to find. In the case of the type 1 curves, the surface must approach a horizontal asymptote as the velocity is progressively slowed down owing to the increasing depth. Likewise, all curves that approach the normal or uniform depth line j... 

Let us consider a wooden pencil it is quite easy to crush it with our teeth in a horizontal position whereas it is quite difficult to do the same if we place the pencil in a vertical position (let us imagine a reasonably short pencil and good teeth ). A Canadian lumberjack always cuts the small wood rods with his axe in a vertical (axial) position. Even the name of the tool seems to give him reason The explanation is found in Figure 5.7. 

Figure 5.1 One-dimensional response surface for the optimization of the stationary phase composition in gas chromatography. Horizontal axis composition of binary stationary phase mixture. Vertical axis lowest value for a(amin) observed in the chromatogram. For further explanation see section 5.5.1. Figure taken from ref. [501]. Reprinted with permission.

Figure 7.1 Different stages in the process of developing methods for chromatographic analysis. The individual stages of the process are located on a curve that indicates the sequence of events (horizontal axis) and the relative importance of the various steps (vertical axis). See text for further explanation.

It follows from the above explanation that electrolysis of alkali chlorides in an electrolyzer without a diaphragm must be interrupted before curve h which represents the concentration of hypochlorite oxygen changes into a horizontal line only under this condition is the process economical, as a prolonged electrolysis would result in a waste of current without any further increase in th<) hypochlorite content. Moreover, care should be taken to prevent the hypochlorite ions formed from being electrochemically oxidized, as this would result in lower current efficiency and lower hypochlorite concentration in the liquor produced. This process is influenced by a number of factors, e. g. brine concentration, hydrogen ion concentration, anode material, current density, temperature, and last but not least a suitable design of the electrolyzer. 

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