Explanation vertical

The second kind of explanation, vertical explanation, deals with the unknown by talking about it on a level that is differ-... 

A model is generally a horizontal explanation, an analogy. In science, we use both types of explanations, but the vertical explanation is preferred and is what I described in Chapter 1 as theorizing. We already have the data in their obvious form. We do not want simply to feel more comfortable by seeing that they show patterns familiar to us. We want to know what lies behind the obvious. We want something that is more generalizable than the particular data you happen to have looked at we want predictive power to lead us to new data. 

A difficulty in applying a simple one-dimensional vertical explanation for the sequence of redox reactions, and for changes in the depth of the oxic-suboxic interface, is that horizontal transport appears to play a dominant role. Diffusion and mixing are much more rapid along, rather than across, equal density or isopycnal surfaces. Reactions occurring at the side boundaries of the Black Sea may have a strong influence on the distribution of properties observed in the interior (e.g., 40). In addition, the chemocline of the Black Sea appears to be subject to rapid lateral ventilation (15, 42) with waters of different histories and pathways. Both dissolved and particulate components are affected in this way (40). Unfortunately, data are not yet available for developing one- or two-dimensional horizontal and vertical interpretations. 

There are several possible explanations of the apparent conflict between Figs. 34 and 35. One possible explanation, for example, would be that the vertical upflow curve drawn in Fig. 34 may not be a straight line, but should perhaps curve upwards (the data itself shows some signs of this) toward the uppermost point of the horizontal flow line, which corresponds to the rod bundle in question. It will be seen later, however, that this would not appear to be the explanation. In addition, there is the fact that all the horizontal flow data in Fig. 34, as well as the new data in Fig. 35, are for a test pressure of 1215 psia, whereas the vertical upflow data in Fig. 34 refer to 1000 psia. Although there is no evidence to indicate the effect of pressure in the case of rod-bundle systems with round tubes, it is found that increasing pressure from... 

Figure A2. ( Ra/ °Th) and f °Th/ U) calculated from the analytical solution (solid light curves), approximate analytical solution (dotted light curves) and full numerical solution (solid dark curves). Horizontal curves represent constant maximum porosity ( x), while vertical curves represent constant upwelling rates (W ) in cm/yr. Selected contours are labeled. Contours range from 1-100 cm/a and 0.1-10% for upwelling velocity and maximum porosity, respectively. See text for explanation.

The third explanation is based on vertical excitations from the vibration functions outside the potential energy curves of the os-stilbene (Figure 9.5, mode d). 

The character with respect to reflexion in one of the infinite number of vertical planes requires some explanation. It is best to choose a particular vertical plane such as that represented by the xz plane. Reflexion in any of the vertical planes has no effect upon the two 2p orbitals, which gives 2 as their character. Reflexion of the two 2pv orbitals in the xz plane does not change them in any way their character is 2. The reflexion of the two 2p orbitals in the xz plane causes their y values to change sign, and because they are otherwise unaffected, their character is -2. The resultant character of the six 2p orbitals, with respect to the operation, ov, is given by 2 + 2 - 2 = 2. 

The adsorption of gases and vapors on mesoporous materials is generally characterized by multilayer adsorption followed by a distinct vertical step (capillary condensation) in the isotherm accompanied by a hysteresis loop. Studies of adsorption on MCM-41 have also demonstrated the absence of hysteresis for materials having pore size below a critical value. While this has been reported for silica gel and chromium oxide containing some mesopores, no consistent explanation has been offered [1], However, conventional porous materials, having interconnected pores with a broader size distribution, are generally known to display a hysteresis loop with a point of closure which is characteristic of the adsorptive. These materials have an independent method of estimating the pore size from XRD and TEM, that allows comparison with theoretical results. Consequently, we have chosen these materials to test the proposed model. 

In the application of this conformational rationale simultaneously to the structures of o-L- and jS-D-cardenolides, the a-L- and the jS-D-rhamno-sides (19) and (44) serve to illustrate the hypothesis that a structural correspondence can be obtained, which permits a satisfactory explanation for the fact that a-L and 0-d isomers have potencies which are, approximately, the same. On the basis of the structures shown, the aglycon component is equatorially disposed, both pyranose rings have the same chair form, and the order of substituents on the ring is the same. The only difference between (19) and (44) is a reversal of configuration of substituents on the pyranoid ring, which is tantamount merely to a vertical displacement of... 

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