Horizontal competition

Erhun R, P. Keskinocak and S. Tayur. 2000. Analysis of capacity reservation and spot purchase under horizontal competition. Working Paper, Georgia Institute of Technology. 

Mahajan, S and G. van Ryzin. 1999b. Supply chain coordination under horizontal competition. Working Paper, Columbia University. 

Note that attention is focused squarely on a retailer s function as a resale intermediary, whereas some of the horizontal competition frameworks treat retailers as the primary source of product (by excluding the retailers procurement activities from the model scope). Such models blur the distinction between the terms manufacturer and retailer. ... 

Li, L. (2002). Information sharing in a supply chain with horizontal competition. Management Science, 48(9), 1196-1212. 

Hori ntalEetort. In 1800, the first commercial zinc process made use of the horizontal retort. In 1980, only three such plants remain because they are not competitive in terms of labor and fuel costs. Furthermore, the dust produced presents a serious pollution problem. Nevertheless, in 1956, the tonnage of zinc produced from horizontal retorts was above that of any previous year. The only remaining operation is in Russia with a capacity of 10,000 annual MT. 

In contrast, composting processes utilize a mixture of solids and yard waste under controlled environmental conditions to produce a disinfected, humus-like product. Three common composting systems are a horizontal agitated reactor, a horizontal nonagitated reactor, and an aerated static pile system (nonproprietary). Compost can be marketed as a soil conditioner in competition with such products as peat, soil, and mulch. Although a large potential market exists, significant effort is required to penetrate this market. Yard waste revenue of 6.50/m (S5/yd ) and product revenue of 2.00/m ( 1.50/yd ) appear to be reasonable market values based on various studies reported on the Web. 

Fig. 39.17. Schematic illustration of Michaelis-Menten kinetics in the absence of an inhibitor (solid line) and in the presence of a competitive inhibitor (dashed line), (a) Plot of initial rate (or velocity) V against amount (or concentration) of substrate X. Note that the two curves tend to the same horizontal asymptote for large values of X. (b) Lineweaver-Burk linearized plot of 1/V against l/X. Note that the two lines intersect at a common intercept on the vertical axis.

Garcia-Fontes and Motta57 study the regulation of freedom of establishment or entry and the prices of these distribution services. They use a variant of Hotelling s model (horizontal differentiation by location throughout a linear city ). The originality here lies in the fact that the consumers have a high but finite reserve price. This condition means that the market may not be covered, and hence the positive effects of perfect competition may not occur. 

Fig. 5 Electrochemical stepwise electron-transfer-bond-breaking reactions. Competition between electron transfer, bond breaking and diffusion. E i2, Half-wave potential RX/RX- standard potential. The horizontal scale is given both in terms of X and k. The number on each curve is the value of A, and the value of log ky is given in parentheses. 5 is taken as 10 cm and D as 10" cm s" . (Adapted from Andrieux et al., 1978.)...

Horizontal integration is a further type, where the technological or information base of the company is applied to improve its competitive position in this and related areas. When a particular area of expertise has been discovered and developed, this can be more fully exploited if a number of different product or... 

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