Hippocampus kainic acid

Intracerebroventricular injection of kainic acid has been shown to result in a well-characterized pattern of neuronal cell damage. In the hippocampus, kainic acid causes a selective lesion of the CA3 pyramidal neurons, an area rich in KA1 and GluR6 receptors. The lesion does not compromise passing axons, which is why this type of (excitotoxic) lesion is often referred to as axon-sparing . Kainic acid injection into the hippocampus also leads to epileptiform discharges in cells normally innervated by the damaged pyramidal neurons. 

Neuronal excitotoxicity AEA levels are elevated in the hippocampus of mice treated with kainic acid. 2-AG levels are elevated in rats treated with pilocarpine These are two animal models of epileptic seizures, where the endocannabinoids play an anti-convulsant and protective function Inhibitors of cellular re-uptake... 

Partial seizure activity can be induced by the localised application of chemicals such as cobalt or alumina to the cortex or the injection of chemicals such as PTZ or kainic acid directly into particular brain areas like the hippocampus. 

A platelet-activating-factor-stimulated signal-transduction pathway is a major component of the kainic-acid-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in hippocampus 584... 

Both PAF [57] and COX-2 are potent mediators of the injury/inflammatory response (Fig. 33-5). PAF and COX-2 are also interrelated in neuronal plasticity. The PAF transcriptional activation of COX-2 may provide clues about novel neuronal cell-death pathways. In fact, the delayed induction of COX-2 by kainic acid precedes selective neuronal apoptosis by this agonist in the hippocampus [42,58]. 

Yoshikawa K., Kita Y., Kishimoto K., and Shimizu T. (2006). Profiling of eicosanoid production in the rat hippocampus during kainic acid-induced seizure - Dual phase regulation and differential involvement of COX-1 and COX-2. J. Biol. Chem. 281 14663-14669. 

Faherty C. J., Xanthoudakis S., and Smeyne R. J. (1999). Caspase-3-dependent neuronal death in the hippocampus following kainic acid treatment. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 70 159-163. 

McNamara R. K. and Lenox R. H. (2000). Differential regulation of primary protein kinase C substrate (MARCKS, MLR GAP-43, RC3) mRNAs in the hippocampus during kainic acid-induced seizures and synaptic reorganization. J. Neurosci. Res. 62 416 126. 

McNamara R. K., Wees E. A., and Lenox R. H. (1999). Differential subcellular redistribution of protein kinase C isozymes in the rat hippocampus induced by kainic acid. J. Neurochem. 72 1735-1743. 

Sola C., Tusell J. M., and Serratosa J. (1997). Calmodulin is expressed by reactive microglia in the hippocampus of kainic acid-treated mice. Neuroscience 81 699-705. 

Stein-Behrens B. A., Elliott E. M., Miller C. A., Schilling J. W., Newcombe R., and Sapolsky R. M. (1992). Glucocorticoids exacerbate kainic acid-induced extracellular accumulation of excitatory amino acids in the rat hippocampus. J. Neurochem. 58 1730-1735. 

Vezzani A., Civenni G., Rizzi M., Monno A., Messali S., and Samanin R. (1994). Enhanced neuropeptide Y release in the hippocampus is associated with chronic seizure susceptibility in kainic acid treated rats. Brain Res. 660 138-143. 

Ortiz G. G., Sanchez-Ruiz M. Y., Tan D. X., Reiter R. J., Benitez-King G., and Beas-Zarate C. (2001). Melatonin, vitamin E, and estrogen reduce damage induced by kainic acid in the hippocampus potassium-stimulated GABA release. J. Pineal Res. 31 62-67. 

Neema M, Navarro-Quiroga I, Chechlacz M, Gilliams-Francis K, Liu J, et al. 2005. DNA damage and non-homologous end joining in excitotoxicity Neuroprotective role of DNA-pkcs in kainic acid-induced seizures. Hippocampus 15 1057-1071. 

Goutan E, Marti E, Ferrer I (1998) BDNF, and full length and truncated TrkB expression in the hippocampus of the rat following kainic acid excitotoxic damage. Evidence of complex time-dependent and cell-specific responses. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 59 154-164. 

Figure 13.7. Autoradiogram of kainic acid binding sites in hippocampus. Reprinted with permission from Monaghan and Cotman (1982), Elsevier.

Willoughby, J.O., Mackenzie, L., Medvedev, A., and Hiscock, J.J. 1997. Fos induction following systemic kainic acid early expression in hippocampus and later widespread expression correlated with seizure. Neuroscience 77, 379-392. 

Finsen, B. R., Jorgensen, M. B., Diemer, N. H., and Zimmer, J., Microglial MHC antigen expression after ischemic and kainic acid lesions of the adult hippocampus, Glia, 7, 41, 1993. 

Morita H, Suzuki K, Mori N, Yasuhara O. Occurrence of complement protein C3 in dying pyramidal neurons in rat hippocampus after systemic administration of kainic acid. Neurosci Lett 2006 409 35 0. 

---