Higher Plant Components

Aloe emodin, 21 Baccharin, 13 Berbamine, 29 Betulinic acid, 13 Camptothecin, 27 Cepharanoline, 28 Cepharanthine, 29 Chamanetin, 24 Cycleanine, 30 Daphnoretin, 23 Dauricine, 31 4 -Demethyldeoxypodo-phyllotoxin, 19 Dichamanetin, 25 

Gnidilatin, 14 Gnidilatin 20-palmitate, 15 Gnidimacrin, 15 Gnidimacrin 20-palmitate, 15 

5-Hydroxy-3, 4, 7,8-tetramethoxyflavone, 24 5-Hydroxy-3, 4, 7-trimethoxyflavone, 23 Hypoepistephanine, 28 Hyrcanoside, 17 Insularine dimethiodide, 32 Isochamanetin, 25 Isoliensinine dihydrochloride, 30 Isouvaretin, 19 Jacaranone, 21 Jatrophatrione, 10 Juncusol, 23 

0-Methyldauricine, 31 0-Methylthalicberine, 31 Mexicanin-E, 9 Microhelenin-A, 9 Microhelenin-B, 11 Microhelenin-C, 10 Oridonin, 11 Oxyacanthine dimethiodide, 32 Penstemide, 11 Phyllanthocin, 12 Phyllanthoside, 14 Pinocembrin, 22 Pinostrobin, 22  

Polysaccharide, 25 Polysaccharide F-1, 25 Polysaccharide F-2, 25 Quassimarin, 12 Samaderin A, 9 Samaderin E, 11 Simalikalactone D, 12 Stebisimine, 29 Stemolide, 10 Tagitinin F, 24 Tetraandrine dimethiodide, 

---

Essential to mammals and some higher plants. Component of glutsnhkme peroxidase, protects against free-radical oxidant stressors protects against heavy ( soft" metal... 

These higher plant components are characterized by phenolic (hydroxy-aromatic) structures. Such structures, which derive originally from monosaccharides, are common in plant but not animal tissue. 

Cobalt is one of twenty-seven known elements essential to humans (28) (see Mineral NUTRIENTS). It is an integral part of the cyanocobalamin [68-19-9] molecule, ie, vitamin B 2> only documented biochemically active cobalt component in humans (29,30) (see Vitamins, VITAMIN Vitamin B 2 is not synthesized by animals or higher plants, rather the primary source is bacterial flora in the digestive system of sheep and cattle (8). Except for humans, nonmminants do not appear to requite cobalt. Humans have between 2 and 5 mg of vitamin B22, and deficiency results in the development of pernicious anemia. The wasting disease in sheep and cattle is known as bush sickness in New Zealand, salt sickness in Florida, pine sickness in Scotland, and coast disease in AustraUa. These are essentially the same symptomatically, and are caused by cobalt deficiency. Symptoms include initial lack of appetite followed by scaliness of skin, lack of coordination, loss of flesh, pale mucous membranes, and retarded growth. The total laboratory synthesis of vitamin B 2 was completed in 65—70 steps over a period of eleven years (31). The complex stmcture was reported by Dorothy Crowfoot-Hodgkin in 1961 (32) for which she was awarded a Nobel prize in 1964. 

There are two distinct groups of aldolases. Type I aldolases, found in higher plants and animals, require no metal cofactor and catalyze aldol addition via Schiff base formation between the lysiae S-amino group of the enzyme and a carbonyl group of the substrate. Class II aldolases are found primarily ia microorganisms and utilize a divalent ziac to activate the electrophilic component of the reaction. The most studied aldolases are fmctose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP) enzymes from rabbit muscle, rabbit muscle adolase (RAMA), and a Zn " -containing aldolase from E. coli. In vivo these enzymes catalyze the reversible reaction of D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate [591-57-1] (G-3-P) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate [57-04-5] (DHAP). 

Glucomannans (GM) and galactoglucomannans (GGM), common constituents of plant cell walls, are the major hemicellulosic components of the secondary cell walls of softwoods, whereas in the secondary cell walls of hardwoods they occur in minor amounts. They are suggested to be present together with xylan and fucogalactoxyloglucan in the primary cell walls of higher plants [192]. These polysaccharides were extensively studied in the 1960s [6,193]. 

An Hypothesis The Same Six Polysaccharides are Components of the Primary Cell Walls of All Higher Plants... 

Plants were probably the first to have polyester outerwear, as the aerial parts of higher plants are covered with a cuticle whose structural component is a polyester called cutin. Even plants that live under water in the oceans, such as Zoestra marina, are covered with cutin. This lipid-derived polyester covering is unique to plants, as animals use carbohydrate or protein polymers as their outer covering. Cutin, the insoluble cuticular polymer of plants, is composed of inter-esterified hydroxy and hydroxy epoxy fatty acids derived from the common cellular fatty acids and is attached to the outer epidermal layer of cells by a pectinaceous layer (Fig. 1). The insoluble polymer is embedded in a complex mixture of soluble lipids collectively called waxes [1], Electron microscopic examination of the cuticle usually shows an amorphous appearance but in some plants the cuticle has a lamellar appearance (Fig. 2). 

In general, technical developments will lead to a decrease in overall costs of this technology per unit of installed generating capacity (kWe). Some types of fuel cells need to achieve higher power densities per kg weight or m3 most need to increase lifetimes of stacks or other plant components. For smaller applications, the technology must reach a reliable level sufficient to allow the plants to operate unattended. 

Rather thorough studies have now been made of the properties of the PM of tomatoes,20 21 44 62 63 66 orange peel,21 tobacco3 61 64 and alfalfa.49 The activity of PM is profoundly affected by the pH of the reaction mixture, the salt concentration and the cation component of the salt. In salt-free solutions, the activity of the PM of higher plants is nearly zero at pH 4.25 and increases linearly with a steep slope as the pH is increased to 8. Above 8 the pectinic acids are also demethylated by the action of alkali and the enzyme activity measurements therefore become unreliable. The relationship between activity and pH is also dependent on the salt content of the reaction mixture. 

Tetraterpenoids and polyterpenoids are minor components of higher plants and are generally overwhelmed by the input of those compounds from microbial biomass in marine and lacustrine environments or sedimentary rocks. The natural cyclic tetraterpenoids have a maximum of two alicyclic rings, and thus the saturated and aromatic derivatives are limited. The common parent skeltons are lycopane, carotane, l-(2 , 2 ,6 -trimethylcyclohexyl)-3,7,12,16,20,24-hexamethylpentacosane, and biphytane. ... 

---