High pressure fluids planning

All hazardous facilities - offshore or onshore, oil and gas, petrochemical, nuclear, pharmaceutical, etc. - must have clear controls over how maintenance, inspection or test work is carried out on the plant. Hazardous equipment needs to be carefully isolated, and work needs to be carried out in a planned, careful way. Isolation means ensuring that sources of electricity or high-pressure fluid or other hazards cannot reach the equipment being worked on. After the maintenance work is completed, the equipment needs to be tested, de-isolated and re-commissioned carefully. 

At this point, we must offer a safety warning and disclaimer. Supercritical fluids are used at high pressures and in some cases at elevated temperatures. The chemist contemplating their use must become acquainted with the safety precautions appropriate for experiments with high pressures and temperatures. Some SCFs also have reactivity hazards. The safety considerations mentioned in chapters 1.1 and 2.1 are meant neither to be comprehensive nor to substitute for a proper investigation by every researcher of the risks and appropriate precautions for a planned experiment. 

A neMESYS high-pressure pump system (Cetoni, Germany) was used to pump the two fluids from two 50 pL SGE syringes (Supelco) onto the microchip, respectively. One fluid is the substrate solution, while the other is the BRET reaction mixture of thrombin and biosensor solutions. The flow rates of both streams were 20 pL/h. The microchip was placed on a microscope (Nikon Eclipse TE2000-U) stage for visualization and measurement. The bioluminescence emissions from the detection spot of the microchannel were collected with a 20x objective lens (Plan Fluor, Nikon). A dichroic mirror... 

The field development imposes dramatic changes in fluid processing at the GCs. As a result, the amount of GC process equipment will more than double, correspondingly, the number of modules will be doubled as shown on the plot plan. Figure 9. The control system requires expansion proportionate to the amount of new equipment. Although this new equipment will be in new modules, it cannot be treated independently because it is closely coupled and highly interactive with the rest of the process. The low pressure separation project will add new first stage gas/oil separators which... 

The basic heat-transfer surface is a bank of 1 to 20 (but usually 3 to 12) rows of high-tinned tubes. The fluids enter the tubes by box headers (pipe headers at higher pressures), with the tubes welded into one wall of the header internal dividers are used in the headers to create multiple tube passes. The header cover may be bolted to the header, or the header may be welded, with threaded plugs opposite the tube ends to facilitate assembly and tube cleaning. The tubes are slanted downward toward the exit (about 1/4 in. per ft) to facilitate drainage. Occasionally, especially for turbine steam condensation, an A-frame configuration is employed, with the tubes slanted about 30° from the vertical and the fans mounted in forced draft at the base of the A, thereby reducing the plan area required. 

Routine well backflush is normally planned to maintain the desired CO2 injectors injectivity. During well backflush operation, heat transfer may oecur depending on the backflush fluid temperature, and thus contribute to an increase in the annular pressure as displayed in Figure 8 for a 6-hour backflush operation at 10,000 STB/d. At high backflush temperature that is expected for initial well cleanup and early well backflush operation, substantial annular pressure increase in the order of thousands of psi has been predicted. 

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