High potential incident rate

The high-potential incident rate may be used directly as a SHE performance indicator. The control chart approach is here applicable, where the number of incidents per period is plotted for consecutive periods. The control limits are determined as + -ly. (mean number of incidents per period). 

High-potential incident rate Incident/LTI ratio... 

Management also wants to follow-up on the developments in the risk of major accidents as well. A new high-potential incident rate is introduced. It is calculated as the number of such incidents per quarter year and is displayed in a control chart. Incidents involving gas leakage, overflow of tanks, fires and dropped objects inside process areas are considered as potentially serious. Figure 20.1 shows a display of the results for the first ten quarters. 

Figure 20.1 Control chart for the high-potential incident rate at a refinery.

A high or increased rate of incidents with high potential is an alarm bell, indicating the possibility of an increased risk of large losses. High-potential incidents include those incidents with the potential of resulting in severe injury or fatality. They are usually more difficult to hide, which means that we can expect an adequate reporting reliability in most cases. 

In an ion counting device (Fig. 33) the ions entering the analyzer are directed to a suitable surface held at high potential, so that the incident ions release several electrons. The surface may consist of a continuous dynode, the curvature of which guides the electrons, which increase in number at each interaction with the dynode surface and finally onto an anode. In the case of discrete dynodes the construction of the detector is similar to that of a photomultiplier. These detectors have a dead time, as the interaction of an ion takes a finite time (usually less than 10 ns), during which the detector is blind to the next ion. One can make a correction of the measured count rate (nmeas) for this dead time (r) as ... 

The fact that the injury was minor in relation to the potential for serious injury does not rate this event as a near miss incident. It was an accident that resulted in minor injury (loss) and should be termed as such. The fact that there was high potential for serious injury that didn t occur does not qualify this event as a near miss incident. In some instances, an accident scenario could involve injuries, damage, and near miss incidents all in one event. 

Accidents are, in spite of their altogether high incident rate, relatively rare occurrences with respect to the great number of accident potentials. Therefore they show little reliability with respect to causal factors and low quality of prediction concerning the prognosis of further accidents. 

While this is important, perhaps more so is the way the information conveyed in the OEMS helps to quantify leadership and shape the corporate culture. Managers can measure how, and how quickly, staff deals with a problem. For example, it will help a responsible manager establish how quickly a shift superintendent finds out about an incident or near miss with a potentially high impact how long it takes to close out all the action items involved in addressing the root causes of the problem. With such information, companies can speed response rates as well as identily and reward employees who respond quickly to high-impact incidents. 

For an electrode with high interfacial rate constants, for example, relation (28) can be plotted, which yields the flatband potential. It allows determination of the constant C, from which the sensitivity factor S can be calculated when the diffusion constant D, the absorption coefficient a, the diffusion length L, and the incident photon density I0 (corrected for reflection) are known ... 

Often, absorption occurs by multiple routes in humans. Dean et al. (1984) reported deaths and toxic effects as well as lowered blood cholinesterase levels and excretion of urinary 4-nitrophenol in several children who were exposed by inhalation, oral, and possibly dermal routes after the spraying of methyl parathion in a house. In the same incident (Dean et al. 1984), absorption was indicated in adults who also excreted 4-nitrophenol in the urine, though at lower levels than some of the children, and in the absence of other evidence of methyl parathion exposure. In this study, the potential for age-related differences in absorption rates could not be assessed because exposure levels were not known and the children may have been more highly exposed than the adults. Health effects from multiple routes are discussed in detail in Section 3.2. 

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