High Polymer Solutions

However, for more complex fluids such as high-polymer solutions and concentrated ionic solutions, where the range of intemiolecular forces is much longer than that for simple fluids and Nq is much smaller, mean-field behaviour is observed much closer to the critical point. Thus the crossover is sharper, and it can also be nonmonotonic. 

Y. Xia, P.T. Callaghan 1991, (Study of shear thinning in high polymer solution using dynamic NMR microscopy), Macro. Mol. 24 (17), 4777 1786. 

In the following four years Mark successively reported on the viscosity and molecular weight of cellulose (40), Staudinger s Law (41), high polymer solutions (42), and the effect of viscosity on polymerization rates (43). Confident of his findings, he proposed (at the same time as R. Houwink) the general viscosity equation now known as the Mark-Houwink Equation (44, 45). 

Zimm, B.H. 1948. The scattering of light and the radical distribution function of high polymer solutions. J. Chem. Phys., 16 1093. 

P. J. Flory, Thermodynamics of High-Polymer Solutions, J. Chem. Phys. 1ft 51 (1942). 

Flory, P.J. (1942). Thermodynamics of high polymer solutions. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 10, 51-61. 

Scott, R.L. (1949). The thermodynamics of high-polymer solution phase equilibria in ternary system polymer-polymer-liquid. Journal of Chemical Physics, 17, 279-287. 

Boyer, R. F. Deswelling of gels by high polymer solution. J. Chem. Phys. 13, 363 (1945). 

S 4. Scott, R. L and M. Magat Thermodynamics of high-polymer solutions. III. Swelling of cross-linked rubber. J. Polymer Sci. 4, 555 (1949). 

Bawn, C. E. H. High polymer solutions. Part V. Effect of concentration on the viscosity of dilute solutions. Trans. Faraday Soc. 47, 97 (1951). 

Alfrey, T., Bartovics, A., and Mark, H. (1942). The effect of temperature and solvent type on the intrinsic viscosity of high polymer solutions./. Am. Chem. Soc. 64 1557—1560. 

Zimm, B. H. (1948). The scattering of light and the radial distribution function of high polymer solutions. J. Chem. Phys. 16 1093-1099 Apparatus and methods for measurement and interpretation of the angular variation of light scattering preliminary results on polystyrene solutions./. Chem. Phys. 16 1099-1116. 

Staverman, A. J., "The Entropy of High Polymer Solutions. Generalization of Formulae," Rec. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas., 69, 163 (1950). 

Bonner, D. C. Brockmeier, N. F. Cheng, Y.-l., "Thermodynamics of Some Concentrated High Polymer Solutions," Ind. Chem., Process Des. Develop., 13, 437 (1974). 

Thermodynamics of High Polymer Solutions, Part 13, 453 (1945). Thermodynamics of Dilute Solutions of High... 

For certain types of high polymer solutions the chemical potentials of the solvent (1) and solute (2) are given by the approximate relations... 

The application of McMillan-Mayer theory to high polymer solutions was first made by B. H. ZiMM. J. Chem. Phys. 14, 104 (1946). 

M. L. Huggins (1941) Solutions of Long Chain Compounds. J. Chem. Phys. 9, p. 440 P. J. Flory (1941) Thermodynamics of High Polymer Solutions. J. Chem. Phys. 9, pp. 660-661... 

Hildebrand, J.H. Scott, R.L. High polymer solutions. In The Solubility of Nonelectrolytes, Rhein-hol Publishing Corp. New York, 1950, ch. 20, 346 pp. 

The DR mechanism of high-polymer solutions may be similar to that of surfactant solutions with thread-like micelles being replaced by long polymer chains. However, the different MDRAs, limiting mean velocity profile slopes, and different locations of the transverse turbulent intensity peak positions in polymer and surfactant DR solutions suggest that their mechanisms may be different, probably because of the continual breakup and rapid self-reassembly of the micellar microstructures. 

In conclusion we wish to point out that the relaxation properties of high polymer solutions seem to be determined both by the mobility of the polymer chain and by the structure of the solution. n this respect it would be interesting to investigate experimentally. i eventual parallelism between the polymer-solvent interaction as revealed by the static dielectric properties and the influence of the structure of the solution on the dielectric dispersion. 

Erman B, Flory PJ (1978) Theory of elasticity of polymer networks.II. The effect of geometric constraints on junctions. J Chem Phys 68 5363-5369 Eerraro JR, Nakamoto K (1994) Introductory Raman spectroscopy. Academic Press, San Diego Flory PJ (1942) Thermodynamics of high-polymer solutions. J Chem Phys 10 51-61 Flory PJ (1944) Network stmcture and the elastic properties of vulcanized mbber. Chem Rev 35 51-75... 

In a recent study (97), it was concluded that the frequency change depended on the circuit used. One side of the crystal was coated with a silicon sealant, and the coating was used for measuring the oscillation of crystals in solutions for a wide range of density and viscosity values, and in electrolyte solutions. The experimental data showed that the frequency change in pure water is a linear function of pri except for salt and high polymer solutions. 

The basic unit of viscosity is the poise where 1P = 1 g/(cm s) = 0.1 Pa s = 6.72 X 107 lbm/(ft s). It is widely used for materials such as high-polymer solutions and molten polymers. However, it is too large a unit for most common fluids. By sheer coincidence the viscosity of pure water at about 68 F is 0.01 P for that reason the common unit of viscosity in the United States is. the centipoise where 1 cP = 0.01 P = 0.01 g/(cm s) = 6.72 x 10 " lbiri/(ft s) = 0.001 Pa s. Hence, the viscosity of a fluid, expressed in centi-poise, is the same as the ratio of its viscosity to that of water at room temperature. The viscosities of some common liquids and gases are shown in App. A.l. 

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