Poly high performance polymers

M.G. Dhara, S. Banerjee, Ruorinated high-performance polymers poly(arylene ether)s and aromatic polyimides containing trifluoro-methyl groups, Prog. Polym. Sci. 35 (8) (2010) 1022-1077. 

Small amounts of polymer-grade terephthaHc acid and dimethyl terephthalate are used as polymer raw materials for a variety of appHcations, eg, adhesives and coatings. They are also used to make high performance polymers or engineering resins. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) is itself an engineering resin, although one more widely used is poly (butylene) terephthalate, formed by reaction with 1,4-butanediol as the comonomer. 

McNally, D. and Gall, J. S., The history of poly(butylene terephthalate) molding resins, in High Performance Polymers Their Origin and Development, Seymour, R. B. and Kirshenbaum, G. S. (Eds), Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1986, pp. 71-79. 

Other high performance polymer backbones have been explored as PEM materials in addition to poly-(arylene ether)s and polyimides. Ductile copolymers with high modulus and glass transition values are desirable PEM candidates. The hydrolytic and oxidative stability of many of these materials remains to be determined. Nevertheless, interesting synthetic methodologies have been employed to investigate these materials, which have been instructive in the search for new PEM candidates. 

Sulfonated poly(arylene ether)s have shown promise for durability in fuel cell systems, while poly-(styrene)- and poly(imide)-based systems serve as model systems for studying structure-relationship properties in PEMs because their questionable oxidative or hydrolytic stability limits their potential application in real fuel cell systems. Sulfonated high performance polymer backbones, such as poly(phe-nylquinoxaline), poly(phthalazinone ether ketone)s, polybenzimidazole, and other aromatic or heteroaromatic systems, have many of the advantages of poly-(imides) and poly(arylene ether sulfone)s and may offer another route to advanced PEMs. These high performance backbones would increase the hydrated Tg of PEMs while not being as hydrolytically sensitive as poly(imides). The synthetic schemes for these more exotic macromolecules are not as well-known, but the interest in novel PEMs will surely spur developments in this area. 

Colquhoum, H. M. Lewis, D. E Ben-Haida, A. Hodge, P. Ring-chain interconversion in high-performance polymer system. 2. Ring-opening polmerization-copolyetherification in the synthesis of aromatic poly(ether sulfones). Macromolecules 2003, 36, 3775-3778. 

Whereas UL 94 delivers only a classification based on a pass-and-fail system, LOI can be used to rank and compare the flammability behavior of different materials. In Figure 15.2 the increasing LOI values are presented for different polymers as an example POM = poly(oxymethylene), PEO = poly(ethyl oxide), PMMA = poly(methyl methacrylate), PE = polyethylene), PP, ABS, PS, PET = polyethylene terephthalate), PVA = poly(vinyl alcohol), PBT, PA = poly(amide), PC, PPO = poly(phenylene oxide), PSU, PEEK = poly(ether ether ketone), PAEK = poly(aryl ether ketone), PES, PBI = poly(benzimidazole), PEI = poly(ether imide), PVC = poly(vinyl chloride), PBO = poly(aryl ether benzoxazole), PTFE. The higher the LOI, the better is the intrinsic flame retardancy. Apart from rigid PVC, nearly all commodity and technical polymers are flammable. Only a few high-performance polymers are self-extinguishing. Table 15.1 shows an example of how the LOI is used in the development of flame-retarded materials. The flame retardant red phosphorus (Pred) increases... 

High performance polymer fibers (HPPF) have excellent mechanical properties compared to traditional textile fibers such as nylon. The typical HPPFs are aramid and polyethylene fibers (6). Aramid is a generic name for a class of aromatic polyamide fibers, most of which are varieties of poly(p-pheny-lene terephthalamide). Kevlar is the trade name of the varieties of aramid polymers introduced conunercially by Dupont. The molecules in the fibers of these materials are oriented in the axial direction. Poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) is a rigid molecule with the following structure ... 

Stenzenberger, K.D. Komig, P. New functionalized poly(aryleneetherketones) and their use as modifiers for bismaleimide resins. High Perform. Polym. 1993, 5, 123-137. 

While the fiber producers were busily expanding their fiber activities, a number of companies were simultaneously trying to adapt poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) to molding in much the same way as the nylons had been made to double in brass as molding compound and fiber. This objective has been particularly attractive because the manufacturing capacity for PET in the United States has surpassed 5 billion lbs per year, and all the economy of scale has been obtained to yield high-performance polymers at commodity prices. 

Thiophenes have also been used to make liquid crystalline polymers. Polyamides (196) are reported as potentially useful high performance polymers which compare to poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA or Kevlar) <9IPP213,92PP1194>. The polyesters (197) were investigated to examine the effects of nonlinearity on mesophase stability <92MM563>. The insertion of these... 

H. M. Colquhoun, D. F. Lewis, P. Hodge, A. Ben-Haida, D. J. Williams, and I. Baxter. Ring-chain interconversion in high-performance polymer systems. 1. [poly(oxy-4,4 -biphenyleneoxy-1,4-phenylenesulfony 1-1,4-phenyl-ene)] (Radel-R). Macromolecules, 35 6875-6882, 2002. 

The earliest commercially utilized poly(amide) (PA) is silk. Silk is a natural PA. It is produced by the larvae of the silkworm. Spider silk is a natural PA, composed from modest amino acids. It can be regarded as a natural high performance polymer. The first synthetic PAs were produced in the 1930s, now termed as nylons, which are pure aliphatic. On the other side of the product palette of PAs are pure aromatic PAs, which are addressed as aramids. In aramids, both the diacid and the diamine moieties are of an aromatic nature. Whereas nylons are considered as engineering polymers, aramids are classified as high performance polymers. This chapter focuses on partially aromatic PAs, which are settled in between the two extremes. 

Partially aromatic PAs are considered as poly(phthalamide)s (PPA)s, when at least 60% of the diacid component is constituted from aromatic acids, prevalently from terephthalic acid (TPA) or isophthalic acid (IPA). PPAs and some t) es of partially aromatic PAs are considered as high performance polymers. 

S.l. Moon, I. Taniguchi, M. Miyamoto, Y. Kimura, C.W. Lee, Synthesis and properties of high-molecular-weight poly (L-lactic acid) by melt/solid polycondensation under different reaction conditions. High Perform. Polym. 13 (2) (2001) S189-S196. 

Jim Jimeno, A., Kortaberria, G., Larranaga, M., Gabilondo, N., Mondragon, I. Morphological characterization and mechanical behavior of poly (styrene-co-arylonitrile)-modified epoxy matrices. High Performance Polym. 16 (2004) 557-568. 

Orientation of conductive polymeric films yields large additional increases in conductivity. Thus, for instance, films of doped, oriented poly(phenylene vinylene)" not only have the strength of high-performance polymers, but also their conductivities measure as high as 10 S per centimeter. This is approximately one-thousand times greater than that of the unoriented films. 

Woo, H. J., C. W. Liew, S. R. Majid, and A. K. Arof. 2014. Poly(e-caprolactone)-based polymer electrolyte for electrical double-layer capacitors. High Performance Polymers 26 637-640. 

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