High efficiency photovoltaic

However, the last few years have also seen a growing awareness of the problems inherent in using the semiconductor-electrolyte interface as a means of solar-energy conversion. Very long-term stability may not be possible in aqueous electrolytes and no oxide material has been identified that has properties suitable for use as a photoanode in a photoelectrolysis cell. Highly efficient photovoltaic cells are known, both in aqueous and non-aqueous solutions, but it is far from clear that the additional engineering complexity, over and above that required for the dry p-n junction photovoltaic device, will ever allow the "wet photovoltaic cells to be competitive. These, and other problems, have led to something of a pause in the flood of papers on semiconductor electrochemistry in the last two years and the current review is therefore timely. I have tried to indicate what is, and is not, known at present and where future lines of development may lie. Individual semiconductors are not treated in detail, but it is hoped that most of the theoretical strands apparent in the last few years are discussed. 

Reyes-Reyes M., Kim K. and Carroll D. E. (2005), High-efficiency photovoltaic devices based on annealed poly(3-hexylthiophene) and l-(3-methoxycarbonyl)-propyl-l-phenyl-(6,6)C6i blends , App/. Phys. Lett. 87, 083506-1-083506-3. 

Significantly more progress has been made in the electrochemical formation of ll-Vl compound semiconductors such as CdTe. High efficiency photovoltaics have been formed commercially using electrodeposited CdTe. and several reviews have been published concerning the electrodeposition of II-VI compounds [7-12]. 

Produces ultrapure silicon for high efficiency photovoltaic cells and infrared detectors for space, defense, and environmental applications No crucible contamination Produces large boules (10 cm diameter)... 

The use of non-aqueous solvents in "wet photovoltaic devices has been carefully investigated by a number of workers in recent years. The major impetus for this work has come from the observation by Lewis and coworkers that highly efficient photovoltaic devices can be obtained by the use of reversible one-electron couples such as ferrocene or cobalticinium carboxylic acid in anhydrous aprotic solvents such as acetonitrile (ACN) or propylene carbonate (PC) [21, 22],... 

Multijunction Device - A high-efficiency photovoltaic device containing two or more cell junctions, each of which is optimized for a particular part of the solar spectrum. 

Chen, T., Qiu, L.B., Kia, H.G., Yang, Z.B., Peng, H.S., 2012d. Designing aUgned inorganic nanotubes at the electrode interface towards highly efficient photovoltaic wires. Adv. Mater. 24,4623-4628. 

Unlike many semiconductor devices, solar cells require production in large areas with high uniformity. The syndiesis of nanoparticles with controlled size distributions, chemical composition, and chemical termination is critical to produce large area, high efficiency photovoltaics. There are several nKthods of... 

M. Reyes-Reyes, K. Kim, D. L. Carroll, High-Efficiency Photovoltaic Devices Based on Annealed Poly(3-Hexylthiophene) and l-(3-Methoxycarbonyl)-Propyl-l-Phenyl-(6,6)C[sub 61] Blends. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 87, 083506. 

Chen, YC. et al. (2010) Low-bandgap conjugated polymer for high efficient photovoltaic applications. Chem. Commun., 46 (35), 6503—6505. 

Ikegami M, Ozeki M, Kijitori Y, Miyasaka T (2008) Chlorin-sensitized high-efficiency photovoltaic cells that mimic spectral response of photosynthesis. Electrochem 76 140-143... 

A Molecular Approach to High Efficiency Photovoltaic Cells using Photoinduced Electron Transfer. 437... 

PHOTOVOLTAIC AND PHOTODETECTOR APPLICATIONS A MOLECULAR APPROACH TO HIGH EFFICIENCY PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS USING PHOTOINDUCED ELECTRON TRANSFER... 

Although thiophenes or fused thiophenes are the simplest donor units, they play important roles in eonstituting highly efficient photovoltaic polymers with interesting and superior properties, as depicted in Scheme 2.9. As listed in Table 2.2, most of these polythiophene derivatives exhibit high... 

Utilization of fuiierenes to mimic photosynthesis systems has been investigated, resulting in enhanced efficiencies of the charge separations, which relates to application of the highly efficient photovoltaic cells [25-27]. 

TRTS Carrier Dynamics Studies of High Efficiency Photovoltaic Concepts... 

These fields, where photoalignment technology happens to be useful, may cover the ordering of thin semiconductor layers, thin layers in solar cells, optical data storage, and holographic memory. New, highly efficient photovoltaic, optoelectronic, and photonic devices thus become possible. 

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