Hierarchy management

Memory hierarchy management A collection of transformations that rewrite the program to change the order in which it accesses memory locations. On machines with cache memories, reordering the references can increase the extent to which values already in the cache are reused, and thus decrease the aggregate amount of tie spent waiting on values to be fetched from memory. 

Memory hierarchy management Every modem computer has a cache hierarchy, designed to reduce the average amount of time required to retrieve a value from memory. To improve the performance of programs, many compilers transform loop nests to improve data locality—i.e., they reorder memory references in a way that increases the likelihood that data elements will found in the cache when they are needed. To accomplish this, the compiler must transform the loops so that they repeatedly iterate over blocks of data that are small enough to fit in the cache. 

Many of these techniques involve source reduction— the preferred option on the EPA s hierarchy of waste management (24). Others deal with on-and off-site recycling. The best way to determine how these general approaches can fit a particular company s needs is to conduct a waste minimization... 

As discussed in the introduction, the hierarchy set forth by the USEPA in the Pollution Prevention Act establishes an order to which waste-management activities should be employed to reduce the quantity of waste generated. The preferred method is source reduction, as indicated in Fig. 25-1. This approach actually precedes traditional waste management by addressing the source of the problem prior to its occurrence. 

Table 16.7 Waste minimization in the hierarchy of waste management practices...

A hierarchy of four main strategies can be used to reduce the waste within a process. This hierarchy establishes die priority order in which waste management activities should be employed ... 

The type of power and social relationships in a group will also affect the overall performance. Although a formal status hierarchy is specified for each team by the plant management, it is well documented that groups have their own informal status structure which may be different from the formal one. In everyday duties it might be difficult to detect any contradictions between formal and informal status hierarchies. In an emergency situation, however, where different interpretations of the situation may be reached, such status problems may create difficulties with regard to whose opinion is followed. 

Acceptance of input from outside the hierarchy. Mentees are likely to be open to entering a developmental mentoring relationship with a mentor who stems from any environment - perhaps from another department or external to the company. Adherence to hierarchy. Mentees are likely to seek input from people who are in a more or less direct line relationship with them - e.g. their line-manager or his or her boss. Developmental input from an external source is unlikely to be accepted. 

Although the quantities reported for the first two years are estimates of quantities already managed, the quantities reported for the third and fourth years are projections only. U.S. EPA requires these projections to encourage facilities to consider future waste generation and source reduction of those quantities as well as movement up the waste management hierarchy. Future-year estimates are not commitments that facilities reporting under TRI are required to meet. 

Fleischmann B, Meyr H (2003) Planning Hierarchy, Modeling and Advanced Planning Systems. In Graves SC, De Kok AG (eds) Supply Chain Management. North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp 1-56... 

Whereas the microprocessor controls an individual basic operation, the central computer, which has all the analytical procedures held in its memory, controls the particular analytical procedure required. At the appropriate time, the central computer transmits the relevant set of parameters to the corresponding units and provides the schedule for the sample-transport operation. All units are monitored to ensure proper functioning. If one of the units signals an error, a predetermined action, such as disposing of the sample, is taken. The basic results from the units are transferred to the central computer, the final results are calculated, and the report is passed to the output terminal. These results can also be transmitted to other data processing equipment for administrative or management purposes. The central control is, therefore, the leading element in a hierarchy of... 

I am a Service Manager within the Social Services Department of a London borough. The Service Manager role is a combination of several middle management functions in an attempt to flatten the hierarchy and we are stretched in many directions. It is not uncommon to be representing the local authority at the highest level one moment, then be locked into complex local operational concerns the next. 

A QMS should be comprised of all the processes supporting that business and include an effective management review of those process metrics. Management needs to be aware of and understand process performance through structured metrics review programs in order to take appropriate action, providing resources and capital to improve the QMS. This hierarchy is illustrated in Figure 2. 

There is a straightforward model of human motivation—Maslow s (1987) hierarchy of needs—that is a favorite of management theorists and practitioners. The model is popular because it is relatively simple to convey and fairly easy to apply in practical situations. 

McGregor s (1985) seminal book, The Human Side of Enterprise, considers the management of organizations from the standpoint of hnman motivation, using Maslow s hierarchy as an important base model. He concludes that there are two fundamentally different types of managers who operate from two different sets of assumptions about human behavior. 

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