Hexyl manufacture

An emulsion of 380 kg of aniline in about 1600 1. of an aqueous solution containing 230kg of sodium carbonate and 1 kg of Nekal (emulsifier) is prepared. After the emulsion has been heated to 60°C, 800 kg of molten 2,4-chlorodinitrobenzene is run in. Then the whole is heated to 90°C. The formation of solid dinitrodiphenylamine may serve as a control indicating the progress of the reaction. 

The solution is cooled to about 50°C, dinitrodiphenylamine is separated by ten-trifuging. washed with diluted acid (from the nitration process) to remove aniline, then thoroughly with water, (hied at 100°C and pulverized. The product can be obtained in almost theoretical yield 95-98%. 

100 parts of dry dinitrodiphenylamine are charged into the nitrator, containing 350-400 parts of a nitrating mixture of the composition  

The approximate composition of the spent acid obtained in a series of runs 

Immediately after being filtered off, tetranitrodiphenylamine (containing some acid) is taken in a quantity corresponding to 100 parts of the dry substance and added to 375 parts of a nitrating mixture  

---

Physical properties Chemical properties Explosive properties Hexyl Manufacture... 

The most important use for 2-EH is in the manufacture of di-2-ethyl hexyl phthaiate (also known as dioctyl phthalate)—neither name would you want to cry lace on a Saturday night— which is used as a plasticizer to make... 

Hexachlorobutadiene was first prepared in 1877 by the chlorination of hexyl oxide (lARC 1979). Commercial quantities of hexachlorobutadiene have never been produced in the United States. The primary source of hexachlorobutadiene found in the United States is inadvertent production as a waste by-product of the manufacture of certain chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and carbon tetrachloride (ERA 1980 Yang 1988). In 1982, ERA reported an annual volume of about 28 million pounds of hexachlorobutadiene inadvertently produced as a waste by- product from this source (ERA 1982b HSDB 1993). Table 4-1 summarizes information on U.S. companies that reported the production, import, or use of hexachlorobutadiene in 1990 based on the Toxics Release Inventory TRI90 (1992). The TRI data should be used with caution since only certain types of facilities are required to report. This is not an exhaustive list. 

Thus, nitro compounds in a concentration as low as a few milligrams per litre are lethal to fish. Wastes from the manufacture of hexyl (hexanitrodiphenylamine) are particularly toxic, killing fish at a concentration as low as 0.1 mg of hexyl per litre. For this reason, the removal of these compounds from the waste water prior to its discharge is of primary importance. 

During the 1914-1918 War trinitroanisole was manufactured in Germany under the names of Nitrolit, Trinol and An. It was used alone or in admixture with ammonium nitrate, hexyl, or hexanitrodiphenyl sulphide, for filling high explosive shells and for submarine and land mines. Eventually it had to take the place of TNT. 

Environmental problems of TNT manufacture Other nitroaromatics Nitro derivatives of hydrocarbons Nitro derivatives of halogcnohydrocarbons Nitrophcnols Picric acid Salts of picric acid 2,4-Dinitrorcsorcinol Purification Slyphnic acid Tetranitrodian Picric acid ethers Hexanitrodiphenylaminc (hexyl)... 

The earliest industrial developments of acrylic acid - 1.051mp = 13.5°C, bp,.013 = 141.6°C) date from 1925/1930. It is largely used as an intermediate in the manufacture of low molecular weight esters, especially the ethyl, butyl and 2-ethyl hexyl acrylates. As a rule, the same synthesis methods, with slight variations, serve to produce the add itself, or its esters directly. The most widespread and most economical, based on propylene conversion, nevertheless requires the intermediate production of acrylic add before obtaining its derivatives by esterification, in a distinct step. 

Use of esters of cyclohexanone polycarboxylic acids, such as di-(2-ethyl-hexyl) cyclohexanoic acid ester, enables production of materials having comparable mechanical properties with less PVC. It also increases UV stability, improves low temperature properties, and reduces smoke on burning. Highly flexible and semi-rigid goods can be manufactured with these plasticizers. This film is specially suitable for production of blood bags. 

Defoaming agents used in the manufacture of paper and paperboard di-(2-ethylhe tyl) phthalate, tributoxyethyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate tri-(2-ethyl-hexyl) phosphate... 

Surface lubricants used in the manufacture of metallic articles acetyl tributyl citrate, acetyl tiiethyl citrate, butyl stearate, castor oil, dibutyl sebacate, di-(2-ethylhexyl) azelate, di-(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate, diisodecyl phthalate, di-(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate, diethyl phthalate, di-n-octyl sebacate, epoxidi soybean oil, polyisobutylene (minimum molecular weight 300),... 

The types of polyethylene can vary depending on the method of manufacture, the amount of comonomer and the type of comonomer, that is, whether hydrocarbon or polar. Polyethylene manufactured by the older high pressure process leads to the production of highly branched and long branched low density polyethylene (LDPE). With modem polymerization technology, which uses much lower pressures, polyethylenes are more linear in nature. They can be made with random short chain branches such as methyl, ethyl, butyl, and hexyl which arise from copolymerization... 

Blends of ethylene copolymers (such as ethylene-vinyl acetate, ethylene-ethyl acrylate, ethylene-acrylic acid copolymers) have been typically added to LDPE, HDPE and LLDPE to improve filler and additive acceptance, balance film properties, improve environmental stress crack resistance, tear resistance, toughness and surface properties. These blends are particularly prevalent in film formulations and as such are rarely disclosed by the manufacturer. Equistar has introduced functionalized polyolefins (Integrate ) to improve dispersion and adhesion in wood fiber filled and mineral filled polyolefin composites. Arkema Group offers Lotryl ethylene-acrylate (methyl, butyl and 2-ethyl hexyl) copolymers and notes the wide range of compatibility with other polyolefins as well as polyamides and polyesters. 

The main part of dicarboxylic acids is used in the manufacture of polyester fibers, and the azelaic acid esters ( -hexyl, cyclohexyl-, wo-octyl-and 2-ethylhexyl ester) are excellent plastisizers and S5mthetic lubricants. 

---