Heterocyclic compounds, aromatic thiadiazoles

A rich coordination chemistry of aromatic diazine (N-N), especially pyridazine and phthalazine related ligands has emerged over the last three decades,1-72 and recently open-chain diazine (N-N) coordination chemistry has been well developed, especially by Thompson and others.62-113 Many types of aromatic heterocyclic compounds contain a 1,2-diazine (N-N) moiety, e.g., pyridazine and its 3,6-disubstituted derivatives (Scheme 1, Type 1), phthalazine, condensed phthalazines and their substituted derivatives (Scheme 1, Type 2), and other compounds such as pyrazole, triazole, thiadiazole, tetrazole, indazole, 1,2,4-triazine, 1,2,4,5-tetrazine, and thiadiazepines. Alternatively, the 1,2-diazine (N-N) moiety also exists as an open-chain entity in some related compounds, e.g., A-substituted-amide hydrazonimidates (Scheme 1, Type 3), A-substituted-amide hydrazonidates (Scheme 1, Type 4), A-substituted hydrazides (Scheme 1, Type 5), A-substituted amidrazones (Scheme 1, Type 6), and A-sub-stituted hydrazidates (Scheme 1, Type 7). 

Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds. Thionyl chloride and pyridine at elevated temperatures convert diarylalkenes, styrenes, and cinnamic acids to benzo[i>]thiophenes and adipic acid to 2,5-bis(chlorocarbonyl)thiophene. Additional heterocycles which have been prepared include thiazolo[3,2-a]indol-3(2//)-ones, oxazolo[5,4- /]pyrimidines, and 1,2,3-thiadiazoles. Treatment of 1,2-diamino aromatic compounds with thionyl chloride gives good yields of fused 1,2,5-thiadiazoles. ... 

The fifth volume of Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry surveys the chemistry of four well-defined groups of compounds pyrrolizidines (N. K. Kochetkov and A. M. Likhosherstov), aromatic quinolizines (B. S. Thyagarajan), 1,2,4-thiadiazoles (F. Kurzer), and the amino-chrome pigments (R. A. Heacock). 

There has been no work published assessing the aromatic character of 1,2,3-thiadiazole. From the Huckel definition of aromaticity, (4n + 2) ir-electrons in a ring constitute an aromatic compound and by this criterion 1,2,3-thiadiazoles should be considered aromatic compounds. Chemical shifts for 1,2,3-thiadiazoles in both 13C and 1H NMR, which are related to the electronic environment, are in accord with an aromatic heterocyclic ring. 

In a series of publications (75JOC2600, 70JOC1965, 73JOC3087), Potts and coworkers have reported that cyclic amidines (290) readily condense with trichloromethylsulfenyl chloride (329) to yield the sulfenamides (330 Scheme 119). Treatment of the latter compounds with aromatic amines in the presence of triethylamine results in cyclization, possibly via an intermediate such as (331), to produce bicyclic products of type (332). Heterocycles (290) which have been used successfully in this reaction include 2-amino-l,3,4-thiadiazoles, 3-aminopyridazines, 2-aminopyrimidines, 2-aminopyrazines, 2-aminopyridines, 3-aminoisoxazoles and 5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazoles. The sulfenamide derivative (330) of 2-aminopyridine also was found to react with sodium sulfide and with diethyl malonate to produce (333) and (334) respectively. Attempts to hydrolyze (332) to (295) under acidic conditions failed. 

Abstract Synthesis methods of various C- and /V-nitroderivativcs of five-membered azoles - pyrazoles, imidazoles, 1,2,3-triazoles, 1,2,4-triazoles, oxazoles, oxadiazoles, isoxazoles, thiazoles, thiadiazoles, isothiazoles, selenazoles and tetrazoles - are summarized and critically discussed. The special attention focuses on the nitration reaction of azoles with nitric acid or sulfuric-nitric acid mixture, one of the main synthetic routes to nitroazoles. The nitration reactions with such nitrating agents as acetylnitrate, nitric acid/trifluoroacetic anhydride, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen tetrox-ide, nitronium tetrafluoroborate, V-nitropicolinium tetrafluoroborate are reported. General information on the theory of electrophilic nitration of aromatic compounds is included in the chapter covering synthetic methods. The kinetics and mechanisms of nitration of five-membered azoles are considered. The nitroazole preparation from different cyclic systems or from aminoazoles or based on heterocyclization is the subject of wide speculation. The particular section is devoted to the chemistry of extraordinary class of nitroazoles - polynitroazoles. Vicarious nucleophilic substitution (VNS) reaction in nitroazoles is reviewed in detail. 

Monocyclic and Bicyclic aromatic heterocycles such as imidazoles, thiazoles, thiadiazoles, oxazoles, oxadiazoles quinazolines, indoles, benzimidazoles, purines pyrido[43-d]pyri-midines, thiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidines, thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines, oxazolo[5,4-d]pyrimi-dines and thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidines are renowned pharmacophores in drug discovery. These special structures are well explained and exemplified in chemical compound libraries. In this chapter, several types of thiazole based heterocyclic scaffolds such as mono-cyclic or bicyclic systems synthesis and their biological activities studies are presented, which are not frequently present in books and reviews. We mention the first importance of synthetic route of various thiazole based compounds and their applications in medicinal chemistry in this chapter. 

Thiadiazoles encompass five-membered aromatic compounds with two nitrogen atoms and a sulfur atom. The chemistry of these class of molecules has been extensively studied and reviewed. The 1,2,3-thiadiazoles are known to display a wide variety of biological activities, and can be accessed by the Hurd-Mori cyclization of hydrazones with thionyl chloride. Although 1,2,3-thiadiazole belongs to a well-studied class of heterocycles, most of the substituted 1,2,3-thiadiazoles are synthesized from then-acyclic counterparts instead of functionalization of the 1,2,3-thiadiazole. 

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