Hepatitis in adults

Barak, N., Huminer, D., Segal, T., Ben Ari, Z., Halevy, J., Tur Kaspa, R. Lipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency a newly discovered cause of acute hepatitis in adults. J. Hepatol. 1998 29 482-484... 

Sharma, S., Mosunjac, M. Herpes simplex hepatitis in adults. A search for muco-cutaneous clues. J. Chn. Gastroenterol. 2004 38 697 - 704... 

Maclachlan D, Tyndall A. Acute hepatitis in adult Still s disease apparently resulting from oral iron substitution—a case report. Clin Rheumatol 2000 19(3) 222-5. 

The reported adverse effects of Jin bu huan include vertigo, fatigue, nausea and drowsiness, which could make users unfit for driving. Life-threatening bradycardia and respiratory depression occur in small children after unintentional overdosage (4) and acute hepatitis in adults (5). 

An increased cathepsin activity having been found in infectious hepatitis in adults (65), we started both long-termed and ad hoc examinations of cases of infectious hepatitis and its sequelae (206). 

The symptoms of vitamin E deficiency in animals are numerous and vary from species to species (13). Although the deficiency of the vitamin can affect different tissue types such as reproductive, gastrointestinal, vascular, neural, hepatic, and optic in a variety of species such as pigs, rats, mice, dogs, cats, chickens, turkeys, monkeys, and sheep, it is generally found that necrotizing myopathy is relatively common to most species. In humans, vitamin E deficiency can result from poor fat absorption in adults and children. Infants, especially those with low birth weights, typically have a vitamin E deficiency which can easily be corrected by supplements. This deficiency can lead to symptoms such as hemolytic anemia, reduction in red blood cell lifetimes, retinopathy, and neuromuscular disorders. 

The plasma half-life of 6-MP after intravenous bolus injection is 21 min in children and is twofold greater in adults. After oral intake peak levels are attained within 2 h. 6-MP is used for the treatment of ALL and has shown certain activity in chronic myelogenous leukemia. The major side effects involve myelosuppression, nausea, vomiting, and hepatic injury. 

Despite the availability of an effective and safe vaccine against hepatitis B for more than two decades, HBV infection is stiU a major health problem worldwide. More than two billion individuals have been infected with HBV, and chronic infection affects approximately 350 million patients (Lavanchy 2004). While HBV infection in adults is mostly asymptomatic and self-Umiting in >80% of the cases, transmission at a younger age is associated with a high risk of chronic infection. Vertical transmission of HBV leads to chronic infection of the newborns in up to 90% of the cases. 

The liver is a wedge-shaped organ of some 1.5 kg in adult humans, which, in terms of blood circulation, is interposed between the gastrointestinal tract and the rest of the body. The blood supply to the liver is from the hepatic portal vein (80%) and the hepatic artery (20%), the former bringing a rich supply of nutrients direct from the intestinal tract and the latter supplying the liver with oxygen. Blood drains from the liver by the hepatic vein. The position of the liver enables it to act as a processor of the absorbed nutrients, and to control their storage... 

The hepatitis A vaccine may provide effective immunity for 8 years in adults and children. Additionally, kinetic models have theorized that immunity with the vaccine may be longer than 20 years, but this has not been confirmed in clinical trials.1... 

The most common adverse effects in adults include injection site reactions (e.g., tenderness, pain, and warmth), headaches within 5 days after vaccination, and fatigue. Local reactions may be minimized by using an appropriate needle length based on the person s age and size and by administering the injection intramuscularly in the deltoid muscle. Children may also have feeding disturbances. Hepatitis A vaccine given... 

Hepatitis B virus is a blood-borne or sexually transmitted virus. Most acute infections occur in adults, while chronic infections usually occur in individuals infected as infants or children. However, about 10% of adults who contract hepatitis B virus will fail to clear their infection and develop chronic hepatitis B infection. Individuals with chronic hepatitis B infection are at risk for cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Vaccination with hepatitis B vaccine is the most effective way to prevent hepatitis B infection.6... 

Hepatic steatosis usually is a result of excessive administration of carbohydrates and/or lipids, but deficiencies of carnitine, choline, and essential fatty acids also may contribute. Hepatic steatosis can be minimized or reversed by avoiding overfeeding, especially from dextrose and lipids.35,38 Carnitine is an important amine that transports long-chain triglycerides into the mitochondria for oxidation, but carnitine deficiency in adults is extremely rare and is mostly a problem in premature infants and patients receiving chronic dialysis. Choline is an essential amine required for synthesis of cell membrane components such as phospholipids. Although a true choline deficiency is rare, preliminary studies of choline supplementation to adult patients PN caused reversal of steatosis. 

Rifaximin, a nonabsorbable derivative of rifamycin, has shown promising bactericidal action against both aerobes and anaerobes, such as bacterioides, lactobacilli and clostridia [33, 34], The development of resistance to this antibiotic can occur, but resistant strains rapidly disappear from the intestine thus allowing cyclic administration of rifaximin. Controlled clinical trials showed efficacy of rifaximin in adult and pediatric patients with infectious diarrhea [36,37], hepatic encephalopathy [38], post-surgical complications [39] and colonic diverticulosis [40], Only recently was the efficacy of rifaximin in the treatment of SIBO demonstrated [41-43]. 

Food concentration normal with no overt adverse signs of TBTO exposure noted in adults. Decreased hatchability and increase in percent of chicks found dead in the shell were noted at 60 and 150 mg/kg food. Egg production and eggshell thickness normal. Abnormal blood chemistry and hepatic EROD noted in parent birds treated with TBTO (Coenen etal. 1992)... 

Fabacher DL, Hodgson E. 1976. Induction of hepatic mixed-function oxidase enzymes in adult and neonatal mice by Kepone and mirex. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 38 71-77. 

Age- and sex-related changes in phenol sulfoconjugation were studied in hepatic cytosolic preparations from fetal, newborn, and adult rats (Iwasaki et al. 1993). Phenol sulfoconjugation activity was higher in adult males (1.94 0.1 nmol/mg/min) than females (1.07 0.03 nmol/mg/min), although there were no sex-related differences in the younger rats. Activity in fetal rats was very low (0.04 0.01 nmol/mg/min). Activity at 2 days after birth was lA that in adult females and A that in adult males, and remained constant until 25 days after birth. At 2 years of age, activity was intermediate between young adult male and female activities, and there were no sex-related differences. 

Effects on hepatic enzyme activities were reported to have occurred in adult male rats that were given... 

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