Hemolysis analysis

Vesper SJ, Dearborn DG, Yike I, Sorenson WG, Haugland RA Hemolysis, toxicity, and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of Stachybotrys chartarum strains. Appl Environ Microbiol... 

In another case of acute systemic allergy to quinine, which mimicked septic shock, with little hemolysis or renal involvement, the patient presented twice with a virtually identical clinical picture sudden fever, rigors, and back pain, followed by hypotension, metabolic acidosis, granulocytopenia, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. On each occasion chnical and laboratory indices recovered spontaneously within 36 hours. A retrospective analysis of the patient s serum showed the presence of neutrophil-specific, quinine-dependent antibodies. 

Solomon, B. A. Colton, C. K. Friedman, L. 1. Castino, F. Wiltbank, T. B. Martin, D. M. "Microporous Membrane Filtration for Continuous-Flow Plasmapheresis" In Ultrafiltration Membranes and Applications Vol. 3 of Polymer Science and Technology Cooper, A. R., Ed. Henum Press New York, N.Y., 1980, pp 489-505. Zydney, A. L. "Cross-flow membrane plasmapheresis an analysis of flux and hemolysis PhD Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985. 

The significance of the slopes in univariate QSAR that involve the correlation of logP with toxicity has been considered. For example, an analysis of data in which the lysis of erythrocytes (hemolysis) by various neutral organic compounds (e.g., alcohols, carboxylic acids, amines, phenols, esters, and so on) was studied, which yielded the following general equation ... 

Blood samples are best obtained in metal-free evacuated tubes containing heparin (without mercury as a preservative). Cells and plasma may be separated in order to determine the mercury distribution between plasma and blood cells and, thus, get a picture of which type of mercury compound the subject has been exposed to. The samples may be stored for a couple of days before significant hemolysis occurs. The samples may be refrigerated at 4°C or frozen until analysis. As the levels in cells and plasma may differ, it is essential to shake whole blood samples before analysis. 

Interfering substances, especially in patient populations, that require some evaluation may include prescription and over-the-counter medication, herbal medications, dietary substances, and even the presence of antidrug antibodies and associated immune complexes. During sample analysis, new matrix conditions may develop that would require further investigation and could include hemolysis, lipemia, rheumatoid factor, and so on. 

Monodesmosidic S. s. have a high surface tension activity, form strongly foaming, soap-like solutions in water, and on direct introduction into the blood circulation cause hemolysis of red blood particles even at high dilution they thus act as potent plasma and frsh toxins. Digitonin forms poorly soluble 1 1 complexes with cholesterol and other 3/3-hydroxy- sterols, this property is used for the isolation and analysis of digitonin. 

No. 273 and No. 301 are the specification for plastics used in medical practice, in Japan. These testing items consist of extraction test, heavy metal analysis, acute toxicity test, hemolysis test and pyrogen test. All the results of the examination passed the regulations and indicate that the 1, 2-PBD is safe enough to be used as a plastic packaging for foods. In the case of acute toxicity, the number of deaths of the mice was zero. Further, it is assumed that the 1, 2-PBD has the possibi-bility to be applied to the medical plastics field. 

To document sample quality, assessment of sample parameters may be necessary. For example, hemolysis can interfere with some immunoassays. For urine, pH measurement, specific gravity, and microscopy analysis to assess white blood cell or bacterial contamination may be useful. 

The concentration of potassium in erythrocytes is 25-fold greater than in plasma. The analysis of hem-olyzed samples therefore does not yield clinically meaningful results. Generally, any process that allows potassium to leave erythrocytes or thrombocytes, such as blood storage with or without visible hemolysis (in a refrigerator, no haemolysis), will falsify the potassium concentration. Even clotting of blood will increase potassium concentration hence, its concentration is 0.4 mmol 1 higher in serum (Table 1) than in plasma. Thrombocytosis or chronic myelosis may cause pseudohyperkalemia as well as in vivo haemolysis. For these reasons, heparinized plasma is preferable to serum, as it decreases potassium release from cells. 

Blood and hair samples are often analyzed in order to estimate exposure of humans to mercvny and its compounds. Blood should be taken by venipuncture. Since some commercial containers may contain mercury compounds added as preservatives it is advisable to check each commercial batch before use. The samples should be refrigerated but not frozen, as it is sometimes useful to measure mercvny in plasma and red blood cells separately. The separation of plasma and red blood cells should be performed as soon as possible to avoid hemolysis of the sample. If extensive hemolysis has occurred, the sample should be homogenized before an aliquot is taken for analysis. Blood samples may also be heparinized for total blood, serum, and red blood cell analyses. If unavoidable, samples may be stored deep frozen. However, repeatedly frozen and unfrozen blood samples showed a remarkable decrease in methylmercury concentrations. There is some evidence that methyl-mercvny may be destroyed during lyophilization of blood samples. 

Refractometry Refractometry is a quick and reasonably accurate alternative to chemical analysis for serum total protein when a rapid estimate is required. The refractive index of water at 20°C is 1.330 if solute is added to the water, the refractive index of a dilute solution increases linearly and proportionally to the solute concentration at higher concentrations of dissolved solids (50-200gl ), the increase is nearly linear. Temperature affects appreciably the refractive index of a solution, so refracto-meters for clinical use compensate for temperature effects. Serum contains dissolved solids in concentrations of 80-100 gl, most of which are proteins. In the refractometry of serum, it is assumed that the concentration of inorganic electrolytes and nonprotein organic compounds does not vary appreciably from serum to serum and that the differences in the refractive index reflect primarily the differences in protein concentrations. The assumption has been shown to be reliable for clear, nonpigmented samples, but hemolysis, lipemia, icterus, and azotemia produce erroneously high results. The method cannot be used for urine protein measurement because of excess solutes in relation to the protein. 

Hemoglobin in fresh sera does not interfere in the assay, but the acid reagent liberates iron from lyophilized hemoglobin. Hemolysis should therefore be avoided in collecting serum for iron analysis. 

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