Hemoglobin persistence

Other biomedical and biological appHcations of mictocapsules continue to be developed. For example, the encapsulation of enzymes continues to attract interest even though loss of enzyme activity due to harshness of the encapsulation protocols used has been a persistent problem (59). The use of mictocapsules in antibody hormone immunoassays has been reviewed (60). The encapsulation of hemoglobin as a ted blood substitute has received much attention because of AIDS and blood transfusions (61). 

Goins B, Ligler FS, Rudolph AS. Inclusion of ganglioside GMl into liposome encapsulated hemoglobin does not extend circulation persistence at clinically relevant doses. Artif Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol 1994 22 9. 

Rudolph AS, Cliff RO, Klipper R, et al. Circulation persistence and biodistribution of lyophilized liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin an oxygen-carrying resuscitative fluid. Crit Care Med 1994 22 142. 

Lab test abnormalities Low serum iron (9.2%) usually does not persist in the majority of cases and is not associated with reductions in hemoglobin or changes in other hematologic indices. 

Dose reduction If a serious adverse reaction develops during the course of treatment (see Warnings, Precautions), discontinue or modify the dosage of peginterferon alfa-2b and/or ribavirin capsules until the adverse reaction abates or decreases in severity. If persistent or recurrent serious adverse reactions develop despite adequate dosage adjustment, discontinue treatment. Decreases in hemoglobin, neutrophils, and platelets may require dose reduction or permanent discontinuation from therapy. For guidelines for dose modifications and discontinuation based on laboratory parameters, see the tables below. 

However, quantitative environmental exposure data for humans or other animals are often sadly lacking because studies are usually retrospective, and so, samples of body fluids will not have been taken. Bio markers of exposure are relatively transient and even conjugate with hemoglobin in blood, which are the most persistent, and are generally only detectable for... 

Osterman-Golkar, S.M., Moss, O., James. A.. Bryant, M.S.. Turner, M. Bond, J.A. (1998) Epoxybutene-hemoglobin adducts in rats and mice dose response for formation and persistence during and following long-term low-level exposure to butadiene. Toxicol, appl. Pharmacol., 150, 166-173... 

Human variability in plasma reduction capacity can influence the ratio between blood and urinary chromium levels (Korallus 1986a, 1986b). In vitro experiments indicate that when chromium(VI) plasma levels exceed the plasma reduction capacity (PRC), chromium(VI) enters erythrocytes, is reduced, and binds to hemoglobin. The bond persists for the lifetime of the erythrocytes (120 days) therefore, a single... 

Distribution studies of 35S-sulfur mustard in rats after cutaneous exposure to sulfur mustard, and human blood treated in vitro, showed that a small percentage of radioactivity remained associated with the hemoglobin and persisted for the lifetime of the... 

Figure 4. Persistence of sulfur mustard adduct to N-terminal valine residue of hemoglobin in blood of a marmoset after sulfur mustard administration (4.1 mg/kg, i.v.) at t = 0. At the time points indicated blood samples were collected, globin was isolated and analyzed by using the modified Edman degradation for determination of the N-terminal valine adduct. Globin from human blood exposed to ris-sulfur mustard (10 iM) was used as an internal standard. (Reprinted from Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Vol. 184, D. Noort, H.P. Benschop and R.M. Black, Biomonitoring of Exposure to Chemical Warfare Agents A Review, pages 116-126 (2002), with permission from Elsevier Science.)...

Mediterranean, a-thalassemia and hemoglobin C in Africa, and hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin in North Africa and India. These combinations have created diverse presentations of this disease, the most severe being hemoglobin SS and hemoglobin S(3 zero thalassemia. 

Patients who have hemoglobin SS as well as a mutation that produces hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin have few... 

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