Heavy Petroleum Products, Oxidation Reactions

Comparison of commercial computer programs for investigation of kinetics of pyrolysis and oxidation reactions of heavy petroleum products... 

In principle Differential Scanning Calorimetiy and Thermogravimetry are suitable methods for investigation of the kinetics of pyrolysis and oxidation reactions of heavy crude oils and heavy petroleum products. The repeatability of selected values i.e. onset and offset point temperatures, and DSC (DTA) and DTG peak maximum temperatures, is excellent. For the pyrolysis reaction the coefficient of variation is 2 % maximum. In the oxidation reaction this is also true for the regions of low temperature oxidation and of fuel combustion. For the fuel deposition region of reaction the repeatability is worse. 

A mixture of monolauryl phosphate sodium salt and triethylamine in H20 was treated with glycidol at 80°C for 8 h to give 98% lauryl 2,3-dihydro-xypropyl phosphate sodium salt [304]. Dyeing aids for polyester fibers exist of triethanolamine salts of ethoxylated phenol-styrene adduct phosphate esters [294], Fatty ethanolamide phosphate surfactant are obtained from the reaction of fatty alcohols and fatty ethanolamides with phosphorus pentoxide and neutralization of the product [295]. A double bond in the alkyl group of phosphoric acid esters alter the properties of the molecule. Diethylethanolamine salt of oleyl phosphate is effectively used as a dispersant for antimony oxide in a mixture of xylene-type solvent and water. The composition is useful as an additive for preventing functional deterioration of fluid catalytic cracking catalysts for heavy petroleum fractions. When it was allowed to stand at room temperature for 1 month it shows almost no precipitation [241]. 

Bond (1987) covers the basic principles of catalysis, adsorption on solid surfaces, chemisorption at metal and oxide surfaces, the kinetics of catalyzed reactions, the quantitative aspects of catalysis by metals and the structure, preparation and use of heterogeneous catalysts. The book also discusses the application of catalysts in different fields including energy conservation, production of hydrocarbon feedstocks, bifunctional catalysts in petroleum industry, oxidation catalysts in the petrochemical industry, heavy inorganic industry, hydrogenation of multiple bonds and catalysts used in atmospheric pollution control. 

As with the oxidation of coal, the product characteristics and product disposition depend markedly on coal rank and reaction conditions. For example, hydrogenation products range from the highly carbonaceous cokes, chars, tars, and heavy oils to lighter naphtha fractions and even methane. Thus, at relatively mild conditions, asphalts are usually the predominant products while as the severity of the reaction conditions is increased, liquids boiling in the same range as petroleum naphtha... 

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