Heavy metals voltammetry applications

The analytical use of GECE modified in situ by using bismuth solution for square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) of heavy metals is also studied [36]. The use of this novel format is a simpler alternative to the use of mercury for analysis of trace levels of heavy metals. The applicability of these new surface-modified GECE to real samples (tap water and soil samples) is presented. 

Daniele, S., B. Salvatore, M.A. Baldo, P. Ugo, and G. Mazzocchin. 1989. Determination of heavy metals in real samples by anodic stripping voltammetry with mercury microelectrodes. Part 2. Application to rain and sea waters. Anal. Chim. Acta 219 19-26. 

V. THE APPLICATION OF CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY FOR THE STUDY OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN HEAVY METAL IONS AND AN ACTIVE CARBON SURFACE... 

For chemical monitoring, a list of priority substances has been established that includes metals such as cadmium, lead, and nickel. As far as metals are concerned, voltammetric techniques and more precisely electrochemical stripping analysis has long been recognized as a powerful technique in environmental samples. In particular, anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) coupled with screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) is a great simplification in the design and operation of on site heavy metal determination in water, for reasons of cost, simplicity, speed, sensitivity, portability and simultaneous multi-analyte capabilities. The wide applications in the field for heavy metal detection were extensively reviewed (Honeychurch and Hart, 2003 Palchetti et al., 2005). 

The aim of this work is to demonstrate how the screen printed electrodes (SPEs) can be used for on site heavy metals monitoring in surface waters in the frame of the WFD. The sensors used consist of mercury-coated screen-printed electrodes coupled with square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) (Palchetti et al., 1999). Three metals Cu, Cd, and Pb which are classically analysed in water matrices have been considered. Moreover, Cd and Pb belong to the priority substances list of the WFD. Performance criteria of the device are first established to evaluate the level of confidence of the method. The potential use of the device and its main advantages are then highlighted through two illustrative field applications. 

OsTAPCZUK P, Valenta P, Rutzel H and Nurn-BERG HW (1987) Application of differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry to the determination of heavy metals in environmental samples. Sci Total Environ 60 1-16. 

Electrochemical methods of analysis are extremely sensitive and have been exploited to permit the detection of a wide range of analytical targets down to concentrations of the order 10 M in favorable conditions. The relative low cost of these electroanalytical techniques when compared with conventional techniques such as Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) has led to the use of electrochemical stripping voltammetry (Chapter 2.3) and linear sweep voltammetry (Chapter 2.1) for the detection of both inorganic and organic species [1-6]. Target analytes that have been documented include heavy metals (Bi, Cu, Cd, Ga, Mn, Pb, Sb, Sn, V, Zn), cardiac and anticancer drugs, vitamins, and pesticides. However, the limits of applicability for these silent classical electrochemical techniques have been compromised by four main drawbacks ... 

W. Nuraberg, Potentialities and applications of voltammetry in the analysis of toxic trace metals in body fluids, 1 "Analytical Techniques for Heavy Metals in Biological Fluids," S. Facchetti, ed., p.209, Elsevier, Amsterdam (1983). 

The most important and most successful application of voltammetry/polarography is the determination of traces of heavy metals in aquatic environmental samples. In only lightly polluted... 

All analysts are familiar with the principles of potentiometry and potarography and indeed, most analytical laboratories will contain a pH meter and a polarograph. However, electrochemical methods arc, in general, not very important in modern analysis. In contrast, there arc spccifiG applications such as trace metal ion analysis in water and effluents and also some other aspects of environmental analysis for which electrochemical methods are particularly attractive. This is because (1) some methods, especially anodic stripping voltammetry, have a very high sensitivity for heavy-metal ions and the lowest detection limit of from 10 to mol dm is well below that of other available methods (2) electrochemical methods are well suited for modification to on-line and/or portable devices for analysis in the held. Whether the analysis is based on current, conductivity or the response of an ion-selective electrode, both the cell and the control electronics are readily miniaturized and operate on low power Hence, this chapter considers the principles of the electroanalytical methods important in environmental and on-line analysis, together with biochemical applications of electrochemical sensors. 

Roa Morales G, Ramirez Silva MT, Romero Romo MM, Galicia L (2005) Heavy metal determination by anodic stripping voltammetry with a carhon paste electrode modified with alpha -cyclodextrin. In Palomar M (ed) Applications of Analytical Chemistry in Environmental Research, Research Signpost, Trivandrum, India... 

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